Pesticidal Compositions and Processes Related Thereto

ABSTRACT

This document discloses molecules having the following formula (“Formula One”): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and processes related thereto.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority from U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/409,702 that was filed on 3 Nov. 2010 the entire contents of this U.S. provisional application is hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure is related to the field of processes to produce molecules that are useful as pesticides (e.g., acaricides, insecticides, molluscicides, and nematicides), such molecules, and processes of using such molecules to control pests.

BACKGROUND

Pests cause millions of human deaths around the world each year. Furthermore, there are more than ten thousand species of pests that cause losses in agriculture. The world-wide agricultural losses amount to billions of U.S. dollars each year.

Termites cause damage to all kinds of private and public structures. The world-wide termite damage losses amount to billions of U.S. dollars each year.

Stored food pests eat and adulterate stored food. The world-wide stored food losses amount to billions of U.S. dollars each year, but more importantly, deprive people of needed food.

There is an acute need for new pesticides. Certain pests are developing resistance to pesticides in current use. Hundreds of pest species are resistant to one or more pesticides. The development of resistance to some of the older pesticides, such as DDT, the carbamates, and the organophosphates, is well known. But resistance has even developed to some of the newer pesticides.

Therefore, for many reasons, including the above reasons, a need exists for new pesticides.

DEFINITIONS

The examples given in the definitions are generally non-exhaustive and must not be construed as limiting the invention disclosed in this document. It is understood that a substituent should comply with chemical bonding rules and steric compatibility constraints in relation to the particular molecule to which it is attached.

“Alkenyl” means an acyclic, unsaturated (at least one carbon-carbon double bond), branched or unbranched, substituent consisting of carbon and hydrogen, for example, vinyl, allyl, butenyl, pentenyl, and hexenyl.

“Alkenyloxy” means an alkenyl further consisting of a carbon-oxygen single bond, for example, allyloxy, butenyloxy, pentenyloxy, hexenyloxy.

“Alkoxy” means an alkyl further consisting of a carbon-oxygen single bond, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, and tert-butoxy.

“Alkyl” means an acyclic, saturated, branched or unbranched, substituent consisting of carbon and hydrogen, for example, methyl, ethyl, (C₃)alkyl which represents n-propyl and isopropyl), (C₄)alkyl which represents n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl.

“Alkynyl” means an acyclic, unsaturated (at least one carbon-carbon triple bond), branched or unbranched, substituent consisting of carbon and hydrogen, for example, ethynyl, propargyl, butynyl, and pentynyl.

“Alkynyloxy” means an alkynyl further consisting of a carbon-oxygen single bond, for example, pentynyloxy, hexynyloxy, heptynyloxy, and octynyloxy.

“Aryl” means a cyclic, aromatic substituent consisting of hydrogen and carbon, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, and biphenyl.

“(C_(x)-C_(y))” where the subscripts “x” and “y” are integers such as 1, 2, or 3, means the range of carbon atoms for a substituent—for example, (C₁-C₄)alkyl means methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl, each individually.

“Cycloalkenyl” means a monocyclic or polycyclic, unsaturated (at least one carbon-carbon double bond) substituent consisting of carbon and hydrogen, for example, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, norbornenyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, hexahydronaphthyl, and octahydronaphthyl.

“Cycloalkenyloxy” means a cycloalkenyl further consisting of a carbon-oxygen single bond, for example, cyclobutenyloxy, cyclopentenyloxy, norbornenyloxy, and bicyclo[2.2.2]octenyloxy.

“Cycloalkyl” means a monocyclic or polycyclic, saturated substituent consisting of carbon and hydrogen, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, norbornyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, and decahydronaphthyl.

“Cycloalkoxy” means a cycloalkyl further consisting of a carbon-oxygen single bond, for example, cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, norbornyloxy, and bicyclo[2.2.2]octyloxy.

“Halo” means fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.

“Haloalkoxy” means an alkoxy further consisting of, from one to the maximum possible number of identical or different, halos, for example, fluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, 2,2-difluoropropoxy, chloromethoxy, trichloromethoxy, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy, and pentafluoroethoxy.

“Haloalkyl” means an alkyl further consisting of, from one to the maximum possible number of, identical or different, halos, for example, fluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2-difluoropropyl, chloromethyl, trichloromethyl, and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl.

“Heterocyclyl” means a cyclic substituent that may be fully saturated, partially unsaturated, or fully unsaturated, where the cyclic structure contains at least one carbon and at least one heteroatom, where said heteroatom is nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen. In the case of sulfur, that atom can be in other oxidation states such as a sulfoxide and sulfone. Examples of aromatic heterocyclyls include, but are not limited to, benzofuranyl, benzoisothiazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothienyl, benzothiazolyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolinyl, oxazolyl, phthalazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrazolyl, thiazolinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, triazinyl, and triazolyl. Examples of fully saturated heterocyclyls include, but are not limited to, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl and tetrahydropyranyl. Examples of partially unsaturated heterocyclyls include, but are not limited to, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinyl, 4,5-dihydro-oxazolyl, 4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolyl, 4,5-dihydro-isoxazolyl, and 2,3-dihydro-[1,3,4]-oxadiazolyl. Additional examples include the following

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This document discloses molecules having the following formula (“Formula One”):

wherein

(a) A is either

(b) R1 is H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, OR9, C(═X1)R9, C(═X1)OR9, C(═X1)N(R9)₂, N(R9)₂, N(R9)C(═X1)R9, SR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, S(O)_(n)N(R9)₂, or R9S(O)_(n)R9, wherein each said R1, which is substituted, has one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkenyl, OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, (each of which that can be substituted, may optionally be substituted with R9);

(c) R2 is H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, OR9, C(═X1)R9, C(═X1)OR9, C(═X1)N(R9)₂, N(R9)₂, N(R9)C(═X1)R9, SR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, or R9S(O)_(n)R9,

-   -   wherein each said R2, which is substituted, has one or more         substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl,         C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₁-C₆         haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkenyl,         OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, (each of         which that can be substituted, may optionally be substituted         with R9);

(d) R3 is H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, OR9, C(═X1)R9, C(═X1)OR9, C(═X1)N(R9)₂, N(R9)₂, N(R9)C(═X1)R9, SR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, or R9S(O)_(n)R9,

-   -   wherein each said R3, which is substituted, has one or more         substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl,         C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₁-C₆         haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkenyl,         OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, (each of         which that can be substituted, may optionally be substituted         with R9);

(e) when A is

-   -   (1) A1 then A1 is either         -   (a) A11

-   -   -   -   where R4 is H, NO₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆                 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl,                 substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted                 or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or                 unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, substituted or                 unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted                 C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, C(═X1)R9, C(═X1)OR9, C(═X1)N(R9)₂,                 N(R9)₂, N(R9)C(═X1)R9, S(O)_(n)OR9, or R9S(O)_(n)R9,

        -   wherein each said R4, which is substituted, has one or more             substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆             alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl,             C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,             C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀             halocycloalkenyl, OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀             heterocyclyl, (each of which that can be substituted, may             optionally be substituted with R9), or

        -   (b) A12

where R4 is a C₁-C₆ alkyl,

-   -   (2) A2 then R4 is H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆         alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted         or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted         C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl,         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, OR9, C(═X1)R9,         C(═X1)OR9, C(═X1)N(R9)₂, N(R9)₂, N(R9)C(═X1)R9, SR9,         S(O)_(n)OR9, or R9S(O)_(n)R9,         -   wherein each said R4, which is substituted, has one or more             substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆             alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl,             C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,             C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀             halocycloalkenyl, OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀             heterocyclyl, (each of which that can be substituted, may             optionally be substituted with R9);

(f) R5 is H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, OR9, C(═X1)R9, C(═X1)OR9, C(═X1)N(R9)₂, N(R9)₂, N(R9)C(═X1)R9, SR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, or R9S(O)_(n)R9,

-   -   wherein each said R5, which is substituted, has one or more         substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl,         C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₁-C₆         haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkenyl,         OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, or C₆-C₂₀ aryl, (each of which that can be         substituted, may optionally be substituted with R9);

(g)

-   -   (1) when A is A1 then R6 is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆         alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted         or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted         C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl,         substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, OR9, C(═X1)R9, C(═X1)OR9,         C(═X1)N(R9)₂, N(R9)₂, N(R9)C(═X1)R9, SR9, S(O)_(n)OR9,         R9S(O)_(n)R9, C₁-C₆ alkyl C₆-C₂₀ aryl (wherein the alkyl and         aryl can independently be substituted or unsubstituted),         C(═X2)R9, C(═X1)X2R9, R9X2C(═XOR9, R9X2R9, C(═O)(C₁-C₆         alkyl)S(O)_(n)(C₁-C₆ alkyl), C(═O)(C₁-C₆ alkyl)C(═O)O(C₁-C₆         alkyl), (C₁-C₆ alkyl)OC(═O)(C₆-C₂₀ aryl), (C₁-C₆         alkyl)OC(═O)(C₁-C₆ alkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl-(C₃-C₁₀ cyclohaloalkyl),         or (C₁-C₆ alkenyl)C(═O)O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or R9X2C(═X1)X2R9,         -   wherein each said R6, which is substituted, has one or more             substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆             alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl,             C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,             C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀             halocycloalkenyl, OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀             heterocyclyl, R9aryl, (each of which that can be             substituted, may optionally be substituted with R9),         -   optionally R6 and R8 can be connected in a cyclic             arrangement, where optionally such arrangement can have one             or more heteroatoms selected from O, S, or, N, in the cyclic             structure connecting R6 and R8, and     -   (2) when A is A2 then R6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted         C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl,         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted or         unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted         C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl,         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, OR9, C(═X1)R9,         C(═X1)OR9, C(═X1)N(R9)₂, N(R9)₂, N(R9)C(═X1)R9, SR9,         S(O)_(n)OR9, R9S(O)_(n)R9, C₁-C₆ alkyl C₆-C₂₀ aryl (wherein the         alkyl and aryl can independently be substituted or         unsubstituted), C(═X2)R9, C(═X1)X2R9, R9X2C(═X1)R9, R9X2R9,         C(═O)(C₁-C₆ alkyl)S(O)_(n)(C₁-C₆ alkyl), C(═O)(C₁-C₆         alkyl)C(═O)O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), (C₁-C₆ alkyl)OC(═O)(C₆-C₂₀ aryl),         (C₁-C₆ alkyl)OC(═O)(C₁-C₆ alkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl-(C₃-C₁₀         cyclohaloalkyl), or (C₁-C₆ alkenyl)C(═O)O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or         R9X2C(═X1)X2R9,         -   wherein each said R6, which is substituted, has one or more             substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆             alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl,             C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,             C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀             halocycloalkenyl, OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀             heterocyclyl, R9aryl, (each of which that can be             substituted, may optionally be substituted with R9),         -   optionally R6 and R8 can be connected in a cyclic             arrangement, where optionally such arrangement can have one             or more heteroatoms selected from O, S, or N, in the cyclic             structure connecting R6 and R8;

(h) R7 is O, S, NR9, or NOR9;

(i) R8 is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl OR9, OR9S(O)_(n)R9, C(═X1)R9, C(═X1)OR9, R9C(═X1)OR9, R9X2C(═X1)R9X2R9, C(═X1)N(R9)₂, N(R9)₂, N(R9)(R9S(O)_(n)R9), N(R9)C(═X1)R9, SR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, R9S(O)_(n)R9, or R9S(O)_(n)(NZ)R9,

-   -   wherein each said R8, which is substituted, has one or more         substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl,         C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₁-C₆         haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkenyl,         N(R9)S(O)_(n)R9, oxo, OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, R9S(O)_(n)R9,         S(O)_(n)R9, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, (each of which         that can be substituted, may optionally be substituted with R9);

(j) R9 is (each independently) H, CN, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, S(O)_(n)C₁-C₆ alkyl, N(C₁-C₆alkyl)₂, wherein each said R9, which is substituted, has one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkenyl, OC₁-C₆ alkyl, OC₁-C₆ haloalkyl, S(O)_(n)C₁-C₆alkyl, S(O)_(n)OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl;

(k) n is 0, 1, or 2;

(l) X is N or CR_(n1) where R_(n1) is H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, OR9, C(═X1)R9, C(═X1)OR9, C(═X1)N(R9)₂, N(R9)₂, N(R9)C(═X1)R9, SR9, S(O)_(n)R9, S(O)_(n)OR9, or R9S(O)_(n)R9,

-   -   wherein each said R_(n1) which is substituted, has one or more         substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl,         C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₁-C₆         haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkenyl,         OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, (each of         which that can be substituted, may optionally be substituted         with R9);

(m) X1 is (each independently) O or S;

(n) X2 is (each independently) O, S, ═NR9, or ═NOR9; and

(o) Z is CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl(R9), C(═X1)N(R9)₂; and

(p) with the following provisos

-   -   (1) that R6 and R8 cannot both be C(═O)CH₃,     -   (2) that when A1 is A11 then R6 and R8 together do not form         fused ring systems,     -   (3) that R6 and R8 are not linked in a cyclic arrangement with         only —CH₂—,     -   (4) that when A is A2 then R5 is not C(═O)OH,     -   (5) that when A is A2 and R6 is H then R8 is not a —(C₁-C₆         alkyl)-β-(substituted aryl), and     -   (6) that when A is A2 then R6 is not —(C₁alkyl)(substituted         aryl).

In another embodiment of this invention A is A1.

In another embodiment of this invention A is A2.

In another embodiment of this invention R1 is H.

In another embodiment of this invention R2 is H.

In another embodiment of this invention R3 is selected from H, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In another embodiment of this invention R3 is selected from H or CH₃.

In another embodiment of the invention when A is A1 then A1 is A11.

In another embodiment of the invention when A is A1, and A1 is A11, then R4 is selected from H, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl.

In another embodiment of the invention when A is A1, and A1 is A11 then R4 is selected from CH₃, CH(CH₃)₂, or phenyl.

In another embodiment of the invention when A is A1, and A1 is A12, then R4 is CH₃.

In another embodiment of this invention when A is A2 then R4 is selected from H, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, wherein each said R4, which is substituted, has one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, or I.

In another embodiment of this invention when A is A2 then R4 is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In another embodiment of this invention when A is A2 then R4 is H, CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH═CH₂, cyclopropyl, CH₂Cl, CF₃, or phenyl.

In another embodiment of this invention when A is A2 then R4 is Cl.

In another embodiment of this invention R5 is H, F, Cl, Br, I, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy.

In another embodiment of this invention R5 is H, OCH₂CH₃, F, Cl, Br, or CH₃.

In another embodiment of this invention, when A is A1 then R6 is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In another embodiment of this invention when A is A2 then R6 is selected from is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C(═X1)R9, C(═X1)X2R9, R9X2R9, C(═O)(C₁-C₆ alkyl)S(O)_(n)(C₁-C₆ alkyl), (C₁-C₆ alkyl)OC(═O)(C₆-C₂₀ aryl), (C₁-C₆ alkyl)OC(═O)(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or R9X2C(═X1)X2R9.

In another embodiment of this invention when A is A2 then R6 and R8 are connected in a cyclic arrangement, where optionally such arrangement can have one or more heteroatoms selected from O, S, or, N, in the cyclic structure connecting R6 and R8.

In another embodiment of this invention R6 is C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl-phenyl.

In another embodiment of this invention R6 is H, CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH(CH₃)₂, CH₂-phenyl, CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, CH₂cyclopropyl, C(═O)CH₂CH₂SCH₃, C(═O)OC(CH₃)₃, CH₂CH═CH₂, C(═O)OCH₂CH₃, C(═O)CH(CH₃)CH₂SCH₃, cyclopropyl, CD₃, CH₂OC(═O)phenyl, C(═O)CH₃, C(═O)CH(CH₃)₂, CH₂C(═O)CH(CH₃)₂, CH₂C(═O)CH₃, C(═O)phenyl, CH₂OCH₃, CH₂C(═O)CH₂OCH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂OCH₃, CH₂C(═O)OCH(CH₃)₂, CH₂CH₂OCH₂OCH₃, CH₂CH₂OCH₃, CH₂CH₂C(═O)CH₃, CH₂CN.

In another embodiment of this invention R6 is methyl or ethyl.

In another embodiment of this invention R7 is O or S.

In another embodiment of this invention R8 is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, R9C(═X1)OR9, SR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, R9S(O)_(n)R9, or R9S(O)_(n)(NZ)R9.

In another embodiment of this invention R8 is CH(CH₃)CH₂SCH₃, CH(CH₃)₂, C(CH₃)₂CH₂SCH₃, CH₂CH₂SCH₃, CH₂CF₃, CH₂CH₂C(═O)OCH₃, N(H)(CH₂CH₂SCH₃), OCH₂CH₂SCH₃, CH(CH₂SCH₃)(CH₂-phenyl), thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, substituted-furanyl, CH₃, C(CH₃)₃, phenyl, CH₂CH₂OCH₃, pyridyl, CH₂CH(CH₃)SCH₃, OC(CH₃)₃, C(CH₃)₂CH₂SCH₃, CH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)SCH₃, CH(CH₃)CF₃, CH₂CH₂-thienyl, CH(CH₃)SCF₃, CH₂CH₂Cl, CH₂CH₂CH₂CF₃, CH₂CH₂S(═O)CH₃, CH(CH₃)CH₂S(═O)CH₃, CH₂CH₂S(═O)₂CH₃, CH(CH₃)CH₂S(═O)₂CH₃, NCH₂CH₃, N(H)(CH₂CH₂CH₃), C(CH₃)═C(H)(CH₃), N(H)(CH₂CH═CH₂), CH₂CH(CF₃)SCH₃, CH(CF₃)CH₂SCH₃, thietanyl, CH₂CH(CF₃)₂, CH₂CH₂CF(OCF₃)CF₃, CH₂CH₂CF(CF₃)CF₃, CF(CH₃)₂, CH(CH₃)phenyl-Cl, CH(CH₃)phenyl-F, CH(CH₃)phenyl-OCF₃, CH₂N(CH₃)(S(═O)₂N(CH₃)₂, CH(CH₃)OCH₂CH₂SCH₃, CH(CH₃)OCH₂CH₂OCH₃, OCH₃, CH(CH₃)SCH₃, CH₂SCH₃, N(H)CH₃, CH(Br)CH₂Br, or CH(CH₃)CH₂SCD₃.

In another embodiment of this invention R8 is selected from (substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)-S(O)_(n)-(substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl) wherein said substituents on said substituted alkyls are selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, N(R9)S(O)_(n)R9, OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, R9S(O)_(n)R9, S(O)_(n)R9, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, (each of which that can be substituted, may optionally be substituted with R9).

In another embodiment of this invention X is CR_(n1) where R_(n1) is H or halo.

In another embodiment of this invention X is CR_(n1) where R_(n1) is H or F.

In another embodiment of this invention X1 is O.

In another embodiment of this invention X2 is O.

While these embodiments have been expressed, combinations of these embodiments are envisioned. Furthermore, other embodiments, and combinations of these expressed embodiments and other embodiments are possible.

The molecules of Formula One will generally have a molecular mass of about 100 Daltons to about 1200 Daltons. However, it is generally preferred if the molecular mass is from about 120 Daltons to about 900 Daltons, and it is even more generally preferred if the molecular mass is from about 140 Daltons to about 600 Daltons.

The following schemes illustrate approaches to generating aminopyrazoles. In step a of Scheme I, treatment of a 3-acetopyridine or a 5-acetopyrimidine of Formula II, wherein R1, R2, R3 and X are as previously defined, with carbon disulfide and iodomethane in the presence of a base such as sodium hydride and in a solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide provides the compound of Formula III. In step b of Scheme I, the compound of Formula III can be treated with an amine or amine hydrochloride, in the presence of a base, such as triethylamine, in a solvent such as ethyl alcohol to afford the compound of Formula IV, wherein R1, R2, R3, R6 and X are as previously defined. The compound of Formula IV can be transformed into the aminopyrazole of Formula Va where R5=H as in step c of Scheme I and as in Peruncheralathan, S. et al. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 9644-9647, by reaction with a hydrazine, such as methylhydrazine, in a polar protic solvent such as ethyl alcohol.

Another approach to aminopyrazoles is illustrated in Scheme II. In step a, the nitrile of Formula VI wherein X, R1, R2 and R3 are as previously defined and R5 is hydrogen, is condensed as in Dhananjay, B. Kendre et al. J. Het Chem 2008, 45, (5), 1281-86 with hydrazine of Formula VII, such as methylhydrazine to give a mixture of aminopyrazoles of Formula Vb, wherein R5 and R6=H, both of whose components were isolated.

Preparation of Aminopyrazoles Such as Those of Formula XIIa is Demonstrated in Scheme III. The compound of Formula X in step a and as in Cristau, Henri-Jean et al. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 695-709 can be prepared through the N-arylation of a pyrazole of Formula IX with an appropriate aryl halide of Formula VIIIa where Q is bromo in the presence of a base such as cesium carbonate, a copper catalyst such as copper (II) oxide and a ligand such as salicylaldoxime in a polar aprotic solvent such as acetonitrile. Compounds of Formula IX, as shown in Scheme III, wherein R4=Cl and R5=H, can be prepared as in Pelcman, B. et al WO 2007/045868 A1. Nitration of the pyridylpyrazole of Formula X as in step b of Scheme III and as in Khan, Misbanul Ain et al. J. Heterocyclic Chem. 1981, 18, 9-14 by reaction with nitric acid and sulfuric acid gave compounds of Formula XIa. Reduction of the nitro functionality of compounds of Formula XIa in the presence of hydrogen with a catalyst such as 5% Pd/C in a polar aprotic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran gave the amine of Formula XIIa, as shown in step c in Scheme III. Reduction of the nitro functionality of compounds of Formula XIa, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 and X are as previously defined and R5=H, in the presence of hydrogen with a catalyst such as 10% Pd/C in a polar protic solvent such as ethanol gave the amine of Formula XIIa, wherein R5=H, as well as the amine of Formula XIIa, wherein R5=OEt, as shown in step d of Scheme III. Compounds of Formula XIa, wherein R1, R2, R3, R5 and X are as previously defined and R4=Cl, can be reduced in the presence of a reducing agent such as iron in a mixture of polar protic solvents such as acetic acid, water, and ethanol to give amines of Formula XIIa, wherein R1, R2, R3, R5 and X are as previously defined R4=Cl, as shown in step e of Scheme III. Compounds of Formula XIa, wherein R1, R2, R3, R5 and X are as previously defined and R4=Cl, can be allowed to react under Suzuki coupling conditions with a boronic acid such as phenylboronic acid in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium tetrakis, a base such as 2M aqueous potassium carbonate, and in a mixed solvent system such as ethanol and toluene to provide cross-coupled pyrazoles of Formula XIb, as shown in step f of Scheme III.

In step a of Scheme IV, the compounds of Formula XIIb can be treated with triethylorthoformate and an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid. Subsequent addition of a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride in a polar protic solvent such as ethanol gave a compound of Formula XIIIa, wherein R6=methyl.

In step b of Scheme IV, the compound of Formula XIIb can be treated with acetone in a solvent such as isopropyl acetate, an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid and sodium triacetoxyborohydride to give compounds of Formula XIIIa, wherein R6=isopropyl.

In step c of Scheme IV, the compounds of Formula XIIb can be acylated with an acid chloride such as acetyl chloride in a polar aprotic solvent such as dichloromethane using the conditions described in Scheme V. Reduction of the amide with a reducing agent such as lithium aluminum hydride in a polar aprotic solvent such tetrahydrofuran gives compounds of Formula XIIIa, wherein R6=ethyl.

Alternatively, in step d of Scheme IV, the compounds of Formula XIIb can be treated with benzotriazole and an aldehyde in ethanol followed by reduction using, for example, sodium borohydride, to afford compounds of Formula XIIIa. In step e of Scheme IV, the compounds of Formula XIIb can be treated with an aldehyde such as propionaldehyde and sodium triacetoxyborohydride in a polar aprotic solvent such as dichloromethane to give compounds of Formula XIIIa, wherein R6=propyl. As in step f acylation of compounds of Formula XIIIa in Scheme IV using the conditions described in Scheme IX affords compounds of Formula Ia, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R8 and X are as previously defined.

In step a of Scheme V, the compounds of Formula Vc, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 and X are as previously defined, can be treated with an acid chloride of Formula XIV, in the presence of a base such as triethylamine or N,N-dimethylaminopyridine in a polar aprotic solvent such as dichloroethane (DCE) to yield compounds of Formula Ib, wherein R8 is as previously defined. Additionally, when R6=H the 2° amide may be subsequently alkylated in step b of Scheme V with an alkyl halide such as iodoethane, in the presence of a base such as sodium hydride and a polar aprotic solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to yield the desired compounds of Formula Ib. The acid chlorides used in the acylation reactions herein are either commercially available or can be synthesized by those skilled in the art.

In step a of Scheme VI and as in Sammelson et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2004, 12, 3345-3355, the aminopyrazoles of Formula Vd, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R6 and X are as previously defined and R5=H, can be halogenated with a halogen source such as N-chlorosuccinimide or N-bromosuccinimide in a polar aprotic solvent such as acetonitrile to provide the R5-substituted pyrazole. In step b, acylation of this compound using the conditions described in Scheme V affords the compound of Formula Ic, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R8 and X are as previously defined.

In step a of Scheme VII, ureas and carbamates are made from the aminopyrazoles of Formula Ve. Compounds of Formula Ve, wherein X, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as previously defined are allowed to react with phosgene to provide the intermediate carbamoyl chloride which is subsequently treated with an amine, as shown in step b, or alcohol, as shown in step c, respectively, to generate a urea of Formula Id or a carbamate of Formula Ie, respectively, wherein R9 is as previously defined.

In step a of Scheme VIII, compounds of Formula XIIc, wherein X, R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are as previously defined, can be treated with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (Boc₂O) and a base such as triethylamine in a polar aprotic solvent such as dichloromethane (DCM) to yield compounds of Formula XVIa. Treatment of the carbamate functionality with an alkyl halide such as iodomethane or Boc-anhydride in the presence of a base such as sodium hydride and in a polar aprotic solvent such as DMF yields carbamates of Formula XVII, as shown in step b of Scheme VIII, wherein R6 is as previously defined, except where R6 is hydrogen. The Boc-group can be removed under conditions that are well-known in the art, such as under acidic conditions such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in a polar aprotic solvent like dichloromethane to give compounds of Formula XIIIb as in step c.

In steps a, b and c of Scheme IX, compounds of Formula XIIIc, wherein X, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as previously defined, can be treated with a compound of Formula XVIII, wherein R8 is as previously defined and R10 is either OH, OR9 or O(C═O)OR9, to yield compounds of Formula Id. When R10=OH, compounds of Formula XIIIc can be converted to compounds of Formula Id in the presence of a coupling reagent such as 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC.HCl) and a base such as N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) in a polar aprotic solvent such as dichloroethane (DCE), as shown in step a. When R10=OR9, compounds of Formula XIIIc can be converted to compounds of Formula Id in the presence of 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidine in a polar aprotic solvent such as 1,4-dioxane under elevated temperature, as shown in step b. When R10=O(C═O)OR9, compounds of Formula XIIIc can be converted to compounds of Formula Id in a polar aprotic solvent such as dichloromethane (DCM), as shown in step c. Acylation of amides of Formula Id, when R6=H, with an acid chloride in the presence of a base such as diisopropyl ethylamine in a polar aprotic solvent such as dichloroethane (DCE) yields imides of Formula Ie, as shown in step d. Furthermore, alkylation of amides of Formula Id, when R6=H, with an alkyl halide in the presence of a base such as sodium hydride in a polar aprotic solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) yields alkylated amides of Formula Ie, as shown in step e. Halogenation of compounds of Formula Id, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R8 and X are as previously defined and R5=H, with a halogen source such as N-bromosuccinimide in a polar aprotic solvent such as DCE or a halogen source such as N-chlorosuccinimide in a polar aprotic solvent such as DCE or acetonitrile or a halogen source such as Selectfluor® in a mixture of polar aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile and DMF give halogenated pyrazoles of Formula Ie, wherein R5=halogen, as shown in step f of Scheme IX. Amides of Formula Id can be converted to thioamides of Formula If in the presence of a thionating agent such as Lawesson's reagent in a polar aprotic solvent such as dichloroethane (DCE), as shown in step g.

In step a of Scheme X, compounds of Formula XIIId, wherein X, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as previously defined, can be treated with compounds of Formula XIX, wherein R8 is as previously defined, in a polar aprotic solvent such as dichloroethane (DCE) to yield compounds of Formula XX. Additionally, when R6=H and R8 contains a halogen, compounds of Formula XX can be treated with a base, such as sodium hydride, in a polar aprotic solvent, such as THF, to yield compounds of Formula XXI, where m is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, as shown in step b of Scheme X.

Oxidation of the sulfide to the sulfoxide or sulfone is accomplished as in Scheme XI where (˜S—) can be any sulfide previously defined within the scope of R8 of this invention. The sulfide of Formula XXIIa, wherein X, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as previously defined, is treated with an oxidant such as sodium perborate tetrahydrate in a polar protic solvent such as glacial acetic acid to give the sulfoxide of Formula XXIII as in step a of Scheme XI. Alternatively, the sulfide of Formula XXIIa can be oxidized with an oxidant such as hydrogen peroxide in a polar protic solvent such as hexafluoroisopropanol to give the sulfoxide of Formula XXIII as in step d of Scheme XI. The sulfoxide of Formula XXIII can be further oxidized to the sulfone of Formula XXIV by sodium perborate tetrahydrate in a polar protic solvent such as glacial acetic acid as in step c of Scheme XI. Alternatively, the sulfone of Formula XXIV can be generated in a one-step procedure from the sulfide of Formula XXIIa by using the aforementioned conditions with >2 equivalents of sodium perborate tetrahydrate, as in step b of Scheme XI.

Oxidation of the sulfide to the sulfoximine is accomplished as in Scheme XII where (˜S˜) can be any sulfide previously defined within the scope of R8 of this invention. The sulfide of Formula XXIIb, wherein X, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as previously defined, is oxidized as in step a with iodobenzene diacetate in the presence of cyanamide in a polar aprotic solvent such as methylene chloride (DCM) to give the sulfilimine of the Formula XXV. The sulfilimine of Formula XXV may be further oxidized to the sulfoximine of Formula XXVI with an oxidant such as meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid (“mCPBA”) in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate in a protic polar solvent system such as ethanol and water as in step b of Scheme XII.

Iodination of the pyrazole of Formula Xb as in step a of Scheme XIII and as in Potapov, A. et al. Russ. J. Org. Chem. 2006, 42, 1368-1373 was accomplished by reaction with an iodinating agent such as iodine in the presence of acids such as iodic acid and sulfuric acid in a polar protic solvent such as acetic acid gives compounds of Formula XXVII. In step b of Scheme XIII and as in Wang, D. et al. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2009, 351, 1722-1726, aminopyrazoles of Formula XIIIe can be prepared from iodopyrazoles of Formula XXVII through cross coupling reactions with an appropriate amine in the presence of a base such as cesium carbonate, a copper catalyst such as copper (I) bromide, and a ligand such as 1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolin-8-yl)ethanone in a polar aprotic solvent such as DMSO.

In step a of the Scheme XIV, compounds of the formula XXIX, wherein R4 is Cl, R5 is H and X⁻ represents Cl⁻, can be prepared according to the methods described in Acta. Pharm. Suec. 22, 147-156 (1985) by Tolf, Bo-Ragnar and Dahlbom, R. In a similar manner, compounds of the Formula XXIX, wherein R4 is Br, X⁻ represents Br⁻ and R5 is as defined previously, can be prepared by treating compounds of the Formula XXVIII with hydrogen gas in the presence of a metal catalyst such as 5% Pd on alumina and a solution of 50% aqueous HBr in a solvent such as ethanol. Alternatively, in step a of Scheme XIV, compounds of the Formula XXIX, wherein R4 is Cl or Br, X⁻ represents Cl⁻ or Br⁻ and R5 is as defined previously, can be prepared by treating compounds of the Formula XXVIII, wherein R5 is as defined previously, with a hydrosilane such as triethyl silane in the presence of a metal catalyst such as 5% Pd on alumina and an acid such as HCl or HBr, respectively, in a solvent such as ethanol.

In step b of the Scheme XIV, compounds of the Formula XXX, wherein R4 is Cl or Br and R5 is as defined previously, can be prepared by treating the compounds of the Formula XXIX, wherein R4 is Cl or Br, X⁻ represents Cl⁻ or Br⁻ and R5 is as defined previously, with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (Boc₂O) in the presence of a mixture of solvents such as THF and water and a base such as sodium bicarbonate.

In step c of the Scheme XIV, compounds of the Formula XVIa, wherein X, R1, R2, R3 and R5 are as defined previously and R4 is Cl or Br can be obtained by treating compounds of the Formula XXX, wherein R4 is Cl or Br and R5 is as defined previously, with compounds of the Formula VIM, wherein X, R1, R2 and R3 are as defined previously and Q is bromo or iodo, in the presence of a catalytic amount of copper salt such as CuCl₂, an ethane-1,2-diamine derivative such as N¹,N²-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine and a base such as K₃PO₄ in a polar aprotic solvent such as acetonitrile at a suitable temperature.

The Boc-group of compounds of Formula XVIa can be removed under conditions that are well-known in the art such as under acidic conditions such as TFA in a polar aprotic solvent such as dichloromethane to give compounds of Formula XIId, as shown in step d of Scheme XIV.

Bromopyrazoles of Formula XXXI, wherein R1, R2, R3, R5, R8 and X are as previously defined, can be allowed to react under Suzuki coupling conditions with a boronic ester such as vinylboronic acid pinacol ester or cyclopropylboronic acid pinacol ester in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium tetrakis, a base such as 2 M aqueous potassium carbonate, and in a mixed solvent system such as ethanol and toluene to provide compounds of Formula XXXII, as shown in step a of Scheme XV.

The vinyl group of compounds of Formula XXXIII, wherein R1, R2, R3, R5, R6, R8 and X are as previously defined, can be reduced in the presence of hydrogen with a catalyst such as 10% Pd/C in a polar protic solvent such methanol to give compounds of Formula XXXIV, as shown in step a of Scheme XVI. Oxidation of the vinyl group of compounds of Formula XXXIII using an oxidant such as osmium tetroxide in the presence of sodium periodate in mixture of a polar protic solvent such as water and a polar aprotic solvent such as THF gave compounds of Formula XXXV, as shown in step b of Scheme XVI. Reduction of the aldehyde of compounds of Formula XXXV, as shown in step c of Scheme XVI, with a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride in a polar protic solvent such as methanol gave the corresponding alcohol of Formula XXXVI. Treatment of compounds of Formula XXXVI with a chlorinating agent such as thionyl chloride in a polar aprotic solvent such as dichloromethane gave compounds of Formula XXXVII, as shown in step d of Scheme XVI.

In step a of Scheme XVII, an α,β-unsaturated acid XXXVIII can be treated with a nucleophile such as sodium thiomethoxide in a polar protic solvent such as methanol to give acid XXXIX.

EXAMPLES

The examples are for illustration purposes and are not to be construed as limiting the invention disclosed in this document to only the embodiments disclosed in these examples.

Starting materials, reagents, and solvents that were obtained from commercial sources were used without further purification. Anhydrous solvents were purchased as Sure/Seal™ from Aldrich and were used as received. Melting points were obtained on a Thomas Hoover Unimelt capillary melting point apparatus or an OptiMelt Automated Melting Point System from Stanford Research Systems and are uncorrected. Molecules are given their known names, named according to naming programs within ISIS Draw, ChemDraw or ACD Name Pro. If such programs are unable to name a molecule, the molecule is named using conventional naming rules. All NMR shifts are in ppm (δ) and were recorded at 300, 400 or 600 MHz unless otherwise stated.

Example 1 Step 1: Preparation of 3,3-bis-methylsulfanyl-1-pyridin-3-yl-propenone

To a room-temperature suspension of sodium hydride (NaH, 60% suspension in mineral oil; 4.13 g, 86 mmol) in dry dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 60 mL) under an atmosphere of nitrogen (N₂) was added 3-acetylpyridine (5.00 g, 41.3 mmol) dropwise over 30 minutes (min) The mixture was stirred for an additional 30 minutes at the same temperature. Carbon disulfide (CS₂; 3.27 g, 43 mmol) was added dropwise with vigorous stirring followed by iodomethane (12.21 g, 86 mmol) dropwise over a period of 45 min Stirring was continued for an additional 18 hours (h) under N₂. The reaction was quenched with cold water (H₂O, 50 mL). The dark solid was filtered and washed with ice-cold ethyl alcohol (EtOH) until the washings were colorless. The off-white solid product was dried under vacuum at 60° C. to provide 3,3-bis-methylsulfanyl-1-pyridin-3-yl-propenone as a brown solid (4.8 g, 51%): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.13 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.72 (dd, J=4.8, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.23 (ddd, J=7.9, 2, 2 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=7.9, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 2.58 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 6H); MS m/z 226.2 (M+1).

1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3,3-bis(methylthio)prop-2-en-1-one was prepared as described in Example 1, Step 1: mp 150-152° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.93 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.58 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (ddd, J=8.9, 2.8, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (s, 1H), 2.60 (s, 3H), 2.57 (s, 3H).

Example 1 Step 2: Preparation of (Z)-3-methylamino-3-methylsulfanyl-1-pyridin-3-yl-propenone

A solution of 3,3-bis-methylsulfanyl-1-pyridin-3-yl-propenone (18.6 g, 82.5 mmol) in absolute alcohol (400 mL) under N₂ was treated with methylamine hydrochloride (27.86 g, 412 mmol) followed by triethylamine (Et₃N, 58.5 mL, 412 mmol). The mixture was heated to reflux for 3 h, cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The solid residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (EtOAc; 150 mL). The solution was washed with H₂O (2×50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with 10% EtOAc in petroleum ether to yield (Z)-3-methylamino-3-methylsulfanyl-1-pyridin-3-yl-propenone as a pale yellow solid (8.6 g, 50%): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 11.8 (br s, 1H), 9.06 (s, 1H); 8.67 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 8.26 (d, J=8.0 Hz 1H), 7.46 (dd, J=7.6, 4.9 Hz 1H), 5.62 (s, 1H), 3.10 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 3H), 2.52 (s, 3H); MS (m/z) 209.2 [M+1].

(Z)-3-(ethylamino)-3(methylthio)-1-(pyridin-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one was prepared as described in Example 1, Step 2: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 11.81 (bs, 1H), 9.04 (dd, J=2.2, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (dd, J=4.8, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.29-7.98 (m, 1H), 7.35 (ddd, J=7.9, 4.8, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 3.45 (q, J=7.2, 5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 1.35 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

(Z)-3-(cyclopropylmethyl)amino-3(methylthio)-1-(pyridin-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one was prepared as described in Example 1, Step 2: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.00 (s, 1H), 9.05 (dd, J=2.2, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (dd, J=4.8, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.16 (dt, J=7.9, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (ddd, J=7.9, 4.8, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 5.62 (s, 1H), 3.27 (dd, J=7.0, 5.5 Hz, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 1.20-1.07 (m, 1H), 0.73-0.49 (m, 2H), 0.41-0.17 (m, 2H).

Example 1 Step 3: Preparation of methyl-(2-methyl-5-pyridin-3-pyrazol-3-yl)-amine

A solution of (Z)-3-methylamino-3-methylsulfanyl-1-pyridin-3-yl-propenone (3.00 g, 14 mmol) and methylhydrazine (729 mg, 15.4 mmol) in absolute EtOH (64 mL) was stirred at reflux for 18 h under N₂, cooled to room temperature and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (50 mL), and the organic layer was washed with H₂O (2×30 mL) and brine (30 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified using silica gel chromatography eluting with a gradient of 0-1% EtOH in EtOAc to yield two regioisomers in a 1:2 ratio, with the major regioisomer as a brown solid (1.0 g, 27%): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.97 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 1H), 8.51 (dd, J=3.6, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (ddd, J=5.9, 1.4, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (dd, J=5.9, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 5.82 (s, 1H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 2.93 (s, 3H); MS (m/z) 188.6 [M+1].

1-Ethyl-N-methyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine was prepared as described in Example 1, Step 3: ESIMS m/z 204 ([M+2H]).

N-ethyl-1-methyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine was prepared as described in Example 1, Step 3: ESIMS m/z 203 ([M+H]).

N-methyl-1-phenyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine was prepared as described in Example 1, Step 3: ESIMS m/z 252 ([M+2H]).

N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1-methyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine was prepared as described in Example 1, Step 3: ESIMS m/z 230 ([M+2H]).

1-Isopropyl-N-methyl-3-pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine was prepared as described in Example 1, Step 3: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.53 (s, 1H), 8.06-7.90 (m, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.13 (dd, J=7.9, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (s, 1H), 3.70 (bs, 1H), 3.65 (dt, J=13.2, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 0.88 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 6H); ESIMS m/z 217 ([M+H]).

3-(5-Fluoropyridin-3-yl)-N, 1-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine was prepared as described in Example 1, Step 3: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.28 (s, 1H), 7.87 (t, J=1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (m, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 5.28 (bs, 2H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 2.34 (s, 3H); ESIMS m/z 206 ([M+H])

Example 2 Preparation of (4-chloro-2-methyl-5-pyridin-3-yl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-methyl-amine

A mixture of methyl-(2-methyl-5-pyridin-3-yl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-amine (0.35 g, 1.8 mmol) and N-chlorosuccinimide (0.273 g, 2 mmol) was combined in acetonitrile (3 mL), stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified using silica gel chromatography eluting with a gradient of EtOAc in hexanes to yield the title compound as a yellow oil (0.096 g, 23%): IR (thin film) 1581.6 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.12 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.57 (dd, J=4.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (ddd, J=7.8, 2.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (dd, J=8.1, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 2.91 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 3H); ESIMS (m/z) 225.6 [M+2].

The reaction also gave 4-chloro-2-methyl-5-pyridin-3-yl-2H-pyrazol-3-ylamine as a green gum (0.046 g, 13%): IR (thin film) 1720.5 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 9.13 (br s, 1H), 8.57 (br s, 1H), 8.16 (dt, J=8.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (dd, J=7.8, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H); ESIMS (m/z) 207.0 [M−1].

Example 3 Preparation of 2,N-dimethyl-N-(2-methyl-5-pyridin-3-yl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-3-methylsulfanyl-propionamide (Compound 1)

To a solution of methyl-(2-methyl-5-pyridin-3-yl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-amine (150 mg, 0.8 mmol) under N₂ in ice-cold dichloroethane (DCE; 2 mL) was added dropwise via pipette a solution of 2-methyl-3-methylsulfanyl-propionylchloride (146 mg, 0.9 mmol) in DCE (1.5 mL). After stiffing for 10 minutes (min), a solution of 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP; 107 mg, 0.9 mmol) in DCE (2 mL) was added dropwise. The ice bath was removed after 30 min, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 90 min and then at reflux for 14 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and was purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with a gradient of EtOAc in hexane. The product, 2,N-dimethyl-N-(2-methyl-5-pyridin-3-yl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-3-methylsulfanyl-propionamide, was isolated as a yellow semi-solid (44 mg, 24%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.00 (s, 1H), 8.58 (s, 1H), 8.08 (br d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (br dd, J=7.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (br s, 0.5 H), 6.49 (br s, 0.5H), 3.89-3.79 (m, 3H), 3.25 (s, 3H), 2.96-2.80 (m, 1H), 2.42-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.02-1.99 (m, 3H), 2.62 (m, 1H), 1.15 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H); MS (m/z) 305.0 [M+1].

Compounds 2-6, 9-10, 12, 18-21, 24-33, 477, 487, 509, 520, 556-557, 562-568 were made from the appropriate amines in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 3.

Example 4 Preparation of 1-methyl-1-(2-methyl-5-pyridin-3-yl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-3-(2-methylsulfanyl-ethyl)-urea (Compound 7)

To a solution of methyl-(2-methyl-5-pyridin-3-yl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-amine (150 mg, 0.8 mmol) in ice-cold DCE (2 mL) under N₂ was added a solution of phosgene in toluene (20%, 0.43 mL, 0.88 mmol). The ice bath was removed after 30 min, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and at reflux for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and then more phosgene (0.86 mL, 1.76 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at reflux for 90 min and then cooled in an ice bath. To this was added a solution of 2-methylthioethylamine (80 mg, 0.88 mmol) in DCE (2 mL). The ice bath was removed after 10 min, and the reaction mixture was stirred at reflux for 14 h, cooled, and diluted with DCE (30 mL). The diluted reaction mixture was washed with saturated NaHCO₃ (20 mL), dried over MgSO₄, adsorbed onto silica gel and purified using silica gel chromatography eluting with a gradient of methanol in dichloromethane to afford 1-methyl-1-(2-methyl-5-pyridin-3-yl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-3-(2-methylsulfanyl-ethyl)-urea as a yellow gum (14 mg, 6%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.99 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.57 (dd, J=4.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (ddd, J=8.1, 2.1, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (dd, J=7.9, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (s, 1H), 4.88 (br t, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.41 (q, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.24 (s, 3H), 2.61 (t, J=6.3, 2H), 2.06 (s, 3H); ESIMS (m/z) 292.2 [M+2].

Compound 8 was made in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 4 using 2-(methylthio)ethanol in place of 2-methylthioethylamine.

Example 5 Preparation of 1-methyl-5-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine and 1-methyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine

To ethanol (8.53 ml) was added 3-oxo-3-(pyridin-3-yl)propanenitrile (0.82 g, 5.61 mmol) and methylhydrazine (0.25 g, 5.61 mmol) and stirred at reflux for 2 hours. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and concentrated to dryness. The crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography by eluting with 0-20% MeOH/dichloromethane to yield two products—1-methyl-5-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine (0.060 g; 6.14%): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.53 (d, 1H), 7.76-7.63 (m, 1H), 7.43-7.33 (m, 1H), 5.75 (s, 1H), 3.76-3.57 (m, 5H) and 1-methyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (0.150 g, 15.35%): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.88 (s, 1H), 8.48 (d, 1H), 7.99 (d, 1H), 7.38-7.07 (m, 1H), 585 (s, 1H), 3.80-3.59 (m, 5H).

Example 6 Step 1: Preparation of 3-pyrazol-1-yl-pyridine

To a solution of 3-bromopyridine (5 g, 0.031 mol) in 50 ml of acetonitrile were added pyrazole (2.6 g, 0.038 mol), Cs₂CO₃ (16.5 g, 0.050 mol), Cu₂O (0.226 g, 0.0016 mol), and salicylaldoxime (0.867 g, 0.006 mol) under N₂ atmosphere. The reaction mass was refluxed for 24 hrs at 80° C. The reaction mass was concentrated and the crude was purified by column chromatography using ethyl acetate and hexane (1:1) to afford the pyrazolyl pyridine as a dark brown liquid (2 g, 43%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.99 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 8.48 (dd, J=4.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.11-8.08 (m, 1H), 7.99 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.38-7.35 (m, 1H), 6.53 (t, J=1.2 Hz, 1H); MS (m/z) 146 [M+1].

3-(3-chloro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine was prepared as in Example 6, Step 1: mp 98-106° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.93 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 8.57 (dd, J=4.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (ddd, J=8.3, 4.8, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 6.46 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H); ¹³C (DMSO-d₆) 148, 142, 140, 136, 131, 126, 125, 108.

2-methyl-3-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine was prepared as in Example 6, Step 1: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.53 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.19 (m, 1H), 6.27 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H).

3-(3-(Trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine was prepared from the appropriate starting materials as described in Example 6, Step 1: mp 59.0-61.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.00 (s, 1H), 8.70-8.59 (m, 1H), 8.11 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.05-7.98 (m, 1H), 7.46 (dd, J=8.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H); EIMS m/z 213.

3-Fluoro-5-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine was prepared from the appropriate starting materials as described in Example 6, Step 1: mp 70.0-72.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.76-8.73 (m, 1H), 8.37-8.33 (m, 1H), 7.88-7.85 (m, 1H), 7.84-7.79 (m, 1H), 6.34-6.29 (m, 1H), 2.37 (s, 3H); EIMS m/z 177.

3-(3-Chloro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-5-fluoropyridine was prepared from the appropriate starting materials as described in Example 6, Step 1: mp 77.0-82.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.75 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.43 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (dt, J=9.3, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.48 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H); EIMS m/z 198.

3-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine was prepared as described in Example 6, Step 1: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.94 (bs, 1H), 8.51 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.90-7.79 (m, 1H), 7.39 (dd, J=8.2, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.30 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 2.39 (s, 3H).

3-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine was prepared as in Example 6, Step 1: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.77 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.65 (dd, J=4.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (ddd, J=8.2, 2.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (ddd, J=8.2, 4.8, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 6.225 (dd, J=1.6, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 2.40 (s, 3H).

Example 6 Step 2: Preparation of 3-(4-nitro-pyrazol-1-yl)-pyridine

3-Pyrazol-1-yl-pyridine (2 g, 0.032 mol) was dissolved in concentrated H₂SO₄ (32 mL 0.598 mmol) and cooled to −5° C. using an ice bath. To the reaction mass, a 1:1 mixture of concentrated HNO₃ (30 mL, 0.673 mmol) and concentrated H₂SO₄ (30 ml, 15 Vol.) was added dropwise over a period of 30 min. Cooling was discontinued and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. After the reaction was complete, the mixture was poured over crushed ice and neutralized with saturated NaHCO₃, filtered, washed with water and dried to furnish the nitro pyrazole as pale yellow solid (1.8 g, 68%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.03 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H); 8.70 (dd, J=4.8, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.69 (s, 1H), 8.33 (s, 1H), 8.11-8.08 (m, 1H), 7.51 (dd, J=8.4, 4.8 Hz, 1H); MS (m/z) 191 [M+1].

3-(3-chloro-4-nitro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine was prepared as in Example 6, Step 2: mp 139-142° C., ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.01 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.73 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 2H), 8.08 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (dd, J=8.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H), EIMS m/z 224.

3-(5-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine was prepared as in Example 6, Step 2: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.81-8.71 (m, 2H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 7.83 (ddd, J=8.2, 2.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (dd, J=8.2, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.72 (s, 3H).

2-methyl-3-(3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine was prepared as in Example 6, Step 2: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO) δ 14.01 (s, 1H), 9.37 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.69 (t, J=17.3 Hz, 1H), 8.21 (dd, J=7.7, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.20 (s, 3H); ¹³C 154, 150, 146, 135, 134.9, 134.8, 134.3, 122, 21, 14; EIMS m/z 218.

3-(3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine was prepared as in Example 6, Step 2: mp 122-124° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.01 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.77-8.56 (m, 2H), 8.07 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.56-7.37 (m, 1H), 2.66 (s, 3H); EIMS m/z 208.

3-Fluoro-5-(3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine was prepared from the appropriate starting material as described in Example 6, Step 2: mp 90.0-92.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.82 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.69 (s, 1H), 8.54 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (dt, J=8.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 2.66 (s, 3H); EIMS m/z 222.

3-(4-Nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine was prepared from the appropriate starting material as described in Example 6, Step 2: mp 121.0-123.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.04 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.79 (s, 1H), 8.77 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (dt, J=10.8, 5.4 Hz, 1H); EIMS m/z 258.

3-(3-Chloro-4-nitro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-5-fluoropyridine was prepared from the appropriate starting material as described in Example 6, Step 2: mp 109.5-111.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.83 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.75 (s, 1H), 8.60 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (dt, J=8.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H); EIMS m/z 242.

3-(3-Bromo-4-nitro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine was prepared from the appropriate starting material as described in Example 6, Step 2: mp 139.0-141.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.01 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.73 (dd, J=4.7, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 8.71 (s, 1H), 8.15-8.00 (m, 1H), 7.52 (dd, J=8.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H); ESIMS m/z 271 ([M+2]⁺).

Example 6 Step 3: Preparation of 1-pyridin-3-yl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylamine

To a solution of 3-(4-nitro-pyrazol-1-yl)-pyridine (1.8 g, 0.009 mol) in dry THF (18 ml) was added 5% Pd/C (180 mg) under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was then stirred under hydrogen atmosphere until the reaction was complete. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of celite, and concentrated to dryness to give an impure dark brown solid (1.76 g): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.89 (dd, J=2.8. 0.4 Hz, 1H); 8.48 (dd, J=4.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.99-7.96 (m, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=0.4 Hz, 1H), 7.38-7.35 (m, 1H), 4.81 (bs 1H); ESIMS (m/z) 161 [M+1].

5-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared as in Example 6, Step 3: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.74 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.63-8.50 (m, 1H), 7.81 (ddd, J=8.2, 2.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.33 (m, 2H), 2.64 (bs, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H); ¹³C (DMSO-d₆) 147, 144, 137, 133, 130, 129, 124, 123, 10; EIMS m/z 174

3-methyl-1-(pyrimidin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared as in Example 6, Step 3: mp 211-215° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.10-8.87 (m, 3H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 3.24 (bs, 2H), 2.29 (s, 3H); ESIMS m/z 176 ([M+H]).

3-chloro-1-(pyrimidin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared as in Example 6, Step 3: mp 146-148° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.07 (s, 1H), 9.02 (s, 2H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 3.45 (s, 2H); ESIMS m/z 196 ([M+H]).

Example 7 Preparation of methyl-(1-pyridin-3-yl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-amine

Method A:

To a 25 ml round bottom flask containing 1-pyridin-3-yl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylamine (1.76 g, 0.011 mol) in ethanol (26.4 ml) was added benzotriazole (1.31 g, 0.011 mol). The reaction was cooled to 0° C.-10° C. and formaldehyde (0.36 mL, 0.0121 mol) was added slowly and kept for 30 min at this temperature. The reaction was filtered and concentrated to dryness. The crude material (2.56 g, 0.009 mol) was dissolved in dry tetrahydrofuran (25.6 mL), cooled to 0° C. and sodium borohydride (0.326 g, 0.00882 mol.) was added over 15 min The reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 2 hours. The reaction was poured into water and extracted using dichloromethane, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to dryness. Purified the crude material by silica gel chromatography eluting with 20% methanol/chloroform to afford the desired product as a brown solid (0.610 g, 32%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO) δ 8.92 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.47 (dd, J=4.8, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.01-7.98 (m, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J=8.0, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.84 (s, 3H); ESIMS m/z 175 ([M+1]).

Method B:

1-pyridin-3-yl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylamine (1.0 g, 6.2 mmol) was dissolved in triethyl orthoformate (5 ml, 30 mmol) and to that was added trifluoroacetic acid (3-4 drops). The reaction mixture was refluxed at 120° C. for 3 hours and was then concentrated. The crude was dissolved in ethanol (5 ml), cooled to 0° C. and treated with sodium borohydride (0.6 g, 15.7 mmol). After warming to room temperature, the mixture was refluxed for 3 hours. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was suspended between water and diethyl ether. The diethyl ether layer was separated and concentrated to dryness. The crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography, eluting with 5% methanol/chloroform to afford the desired product as a pale yellow solid (0.3 g, 27%): mp 65-67° C.; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.91 (bs, 1H), 8.46 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 7.41 (s, 1H), 7.36 (dd, J=8.3, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 2.86 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 175 ([M+1]).

Example 8 Preparation of ethyl-(1-pyridin-3-yl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-amine

Method A:

To 1-pyridin-3-yl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylamine (0.5 g, 3.12 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 ml) was added acetyl chloride (0.28 g, 3.75 mmol) followed by DMAP (0.57 g, 4.68 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography. The recovered material was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (5 ml) and lithium aluminum hydride (0.23 g, 6.25 mmol) was added and stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. The reaction was quenched with saturated Na₂SO₄ and filtered through celite. The filtrate was collected and concentrated to dryness. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 0-5% methanol/chloroform and resubjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with 0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give the desired product (0.080 g, 14%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.90 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.46 (dd, J=4.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dt, J=13.3, 6.6 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (ddd, J=8.3, 4.7, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 3.10 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.27 (t, 3H).

Method B:

To a solution of tert-butyl ethyl(1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (3.4 g, 11.79 mmol) in dichloromethane (4.54 ml) was added trifluoroacetic acid (9 ml), and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. Toluene was added and the reaction was concentrated to near dryness. The reaction was poured into a separatory funnel and carefully quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and extracted with dichloroethane. The organic layer was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to dryness. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-10% MeOH/dichloromethane) to give the desired product as a pale yellow oil (2.10 g, 95%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.90 (dd, J=1.8, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.51-8.39 (m, 1H), 7.97 (ddt, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 2H), 7.38-7.30 (m, 1H), 3.21-2.93 (m, 2H), 1.34-1.19 (m, 3H).

3-chloro-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared as described in Example 8, Method B: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.87 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.47 (dd, J=4.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (ddd, J=8.4, 2.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.38-7.32 (m, 2H), 3.11 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.97 (bs, 1H), 1.31 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H).

3-chloro-N-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared as in Example 8, Method B: mp 108-118 C; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.88 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.48 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.41-7.29 (m, 2H), 2.87 (s, 3H); EIMS m/z 208.

N,3-dimethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared as in Example 8, Method B: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.03-8.73 (m, 1H), 8.41 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (ddd, J=8.4, 2.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.27 (m, 2H), 2.85 (s, 4H), 2.25 (s, 3H); EIMS m/z 189

3-chloro-N-(cylopropylmethyl)-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared as in Example 8, Method B: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.86 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.47 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.03-7.89 (m, 1H), 7.40-7.29 (m, 2H), 3.21 (s, 1H), 2.91 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 1.18-1.02 (m, 1H), 0.65-0.45 (m, 2H), 0.41-0.12 (m, 2H).

3-chloro-N-propyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared as in Example 8, Method B: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.86 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 8.47 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.01-7.89 (m, 1H), 7.42-7.27 (m, 2H), 3.23-2.84 (m, 3H), 1.77-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.03 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

1-(5-Fluoropyridin-3-yl)-N,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from the appropriate Boc-amine as described in Example 8, Method B: mp 142.0-143.5° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.67 (s, 1H), 8.26 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (dt, J=10.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 2.92-2.81 (m, 4H), 2.24 (s, 3H); ESIMS m/z 207 ([M+H]⁺).

N-ethyl-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from the appropriate Boc-amine as described in Example 8, Method B: mp 85.0-86.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.66 (s, 1H), 8.25 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (dt, J=10.0, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 3.07 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.71 (s, 1H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 1.30 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 221 ([M+H]⁺).

3-Methyl-N-propyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from the appropriate Boc-amine as described in Example 8, Method B: mp 65.0-67.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.86 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.40 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.35-7.28 (m, 2H), 3.00 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 1.76-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.03 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 217 ([M+H]⁺).

N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-3-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from the appropriate Boc-amine as described in Example 8, Method B: mp 73.0-75.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.86 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.40 (dd, J=4.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.35-7.28 (m, 2H), 2.87 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.75 (s, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 1.22-1.05 (m, 1H), 0.63-0.56 (m, 2H), 0.26 (q, J=4.7 Hz, 2H); ESIMS m/z 229 ([M+H]⁺).

N-isopropyl-3-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from the appropriate Boc-amine as described in Example 8, Method B: IR (thin film) 3303 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.86 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.41 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.28 (m, 2H), 3.30 (hept, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 1.24 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 6H); EIMS m/z 216.

5-Ethoxy-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-N,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from the appropriate Boc-amine as described in Example 8, Method B: IR (thin film) 3340 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.91 (s, 1H), 8.31 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.88-7.80 (m, 1H), 4.24 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 1.36 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H); EIMS m/z 250.

5-Bromo-N-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from the appropriate Boc-amine as described in Example 8, Method B: mp 77.0-79.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.90 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.63 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (ddd, J=8.2, 2.4, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J=8.2, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (s, 1H), 2.91 (s, 3H); ESIMS m/z 255 ([M+2]⁺).

5-Fluoro-N,3-dimethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from the appropriate Boc-amine as described in Example 8, Method B: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.91 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.50 (dd, J=4.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (ddt, J=8.3, 2.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (ddd, J=8.3, 4.8, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 2.86 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 3H), 2.43 (s, 2H), 2.24 (s, 3H); EIMS m/z 206.

5-Bromo-N,3-dimethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from the appropriate Boc-amine as described in Example 8, Method B: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.86 (dd, J=2.5, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 8.59 (dd, J=4.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (ddd, J=8.2, 2.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (ddd, J=8.2, 4.8, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 2.85 (s, 3H), 2.69 (s, 1H), 2.35 (s, 3H); ESIMS m/z 268 ([M+H]⁺).

5-Chloro-N,3-dimethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from the appropriate Boc-amine as described in Example 8, Method B: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.87 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.59 (dd, J=4.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (ddd, J=8.2, 2.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (ddd, J=8.2, 4.8, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 2.87 (s, 3H), 2.45-2.19 (m, 4H); EIMS m/z 223.

3-Chloro-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-N-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from the appropriate Boc-amine as described in Example 8, Method B: mp 117.5-119.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.68 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 1H), 8.33 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (dt, J=9.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (s, 1H), 3.14 (s, 1H), 2.87 (s, 3H); ESIMS m/z 227 ([M]⁺).

3-Chloro-N-ethyl-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine amine was prepared from the appropriate Boc-amine as described in Example 8, Method B: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.70-8.63 (m, 1H), 8.32 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (dt, J=9.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (s, 1H), 3.11 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.31 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H).

1-(5-Fluoropyridin-3-yl)-N-methyl-3-vinyl-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from the appropriate Boc-amine as described in Example 8, Method B: 105.0-107.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.31 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (dt, J=9.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (s, 1H), 6.75 (dd, J=18.0, 11.6 Hz, 1H), 5.83 (dd, J=18.0, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (dd, J=11.6, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 2.86 (s, 3H); ESIMS m/z 219 ([M+H]⁺).

3-Cyclopropyl-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-N-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from the appropriate Boc-amine as described in Example 8, Method B: mp 118.0-119.5° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.66-8.58 (m, 1H), 8.23 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.75-7.68 (m, 1H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 3.09 (s, 1H), 2.86 (s, 3H), 1.78-1.63 (m, 1H), 0.99-0.90 (m, 4H); ESIMS m/z 233 ([M+H]⁺).

3-Chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from the appropriate Boc-amine as described in Example 8, Method B: mp 137.9-139.9; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.84 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.50 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 7.37 (ddd, J=8.4, 4.7, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 3.18 (s, 2H); ESIMS m/z 196 ([M+H]⁺).

2-((3-Chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)acetonitrile was prepared from tert-butyl (3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(cyanomethyl)carbamate as in Example 8, Method B: mp 141-143° C.; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.91 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.54 (dd, J=5.1, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (m, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J=12.0, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.52 (m, 1H); EIMS m/z 235 ([M+H]⁺).

N-3-dimethyl-1-(pyrimidin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared as in Example 8, Method B: mp 139-143° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.02 (s, 2H), 9.00 (s, 1H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 2.87 (d, J=11.5 Hz, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H); ESIMS m/z 190 ([M+H]).

3-chloro-N-methyl-1-(pyrimidin-5-yl)₁₋₁H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared as in Example 8, Method B: mp 111-114° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.09-9.04 (m, 1H), 9.02 (s, 2H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 3.14 (bs, 1H), 2.88 (s, 3H); ESIMS m/z 196 ([M+H]).

1-(5-Fluoro-3-pyridyl)-3-methyl-N-(trideuteriomethyl)pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from compound 380 using the procedure as described in Example 8, method B: mp 146-148° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.67 (s, 1H), 8.25 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (dt, J=10.0, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 2.87 (s, 1H), 2.24 (s, 3H); ESIMS m/z 210 ([M+H]⁺); IR (Thin film) 1599 cm⁻¹.

3-Chloro-1-(3-pyridyl)-N-(trideuteriomethyl)pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from compound 381 using the procedure as described in Example 8, method B: mp 104-106° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.87 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.47 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 1H), 8.00-7.90 (m, 1H), 7.40-7.30 (m, 2H), 3.10 (s, 1H); ESIMS m/z 212 ([M+H]⁺); IR (Thin film) 1579 cm⁻¹.

3-Chloro-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from compound 361 using the procedure as described in Example 8, method B: mp 82-83° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.86 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.47 (dd, J=4.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (ddd, J=8.4, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.38-7.32 (m, 2H), 3.22 (s, 1H), 2.90 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 1.23-1.06 (m, 1H), 0.65-0.53 (m, 2H), 0.31-0.19 (m, 2H); ESIMS m/z 249 ([M+H]⁺);

3-Chloro-N-propyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from compound 360 using the procedure as described in Example 8, method B: mp 92-94° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.86 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 8.47 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (ddd, J=8.4, 4.7, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (s, 1H), 3.22-2.94 (m, 3H), 1.75-1.52 (m, 2H), 1.02 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 237 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 9 Preparation of isopropyl-(1-pyridin-3-yl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-amine

1-pyridin-3-yl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylamine (0.6 g, 3.7 mmol) was dissolved in isopropyl acetate (8.5 ml). To the mixture, acetone (0.261 g, 4.5 mmol), trifluoroacetic acid (0.855 g, 7.5 mmol) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.945 g, 4.5 mmol) were added. The reaction was stirred under nitrogen at room temperature for 4.5 hours and then quenched with 10% sodium hydroxide solution until the pH reached ˜9. The layers were separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were combined, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to dryness. The crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography (gradient elution of 5% methanol/dichloromethane) to give the title compound as an off white solid (0.35 g, 46%): mp 105-107° C.; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.82 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.63 (dd, J=4.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.94-7.77 (m, 1H), 7.38 (dt, J=15.2, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (t, 1H), 3.72 (m, 1H), 1.30 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 6H). ESIMS 214 m/z (M+1).

Example 10 Preparation of propyl-(1-pyridin-3-yl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl-amine

To 1-pyridin-3-yl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylamine (0.5 g, 3.12 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 ml) was added propionaldehyde (0.18 g, 3.12 mmol) and sodium triacetoxy borohydride (0.99 g, 4.68 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The reaction was taken up in dichloromethane and was washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to dryness. The crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with 0-5% MeOH/Dichloromethane and resubjected in 0-100% ethylacetate/hexanes) to give the title compound as a dark oil (0.05 g, 7%): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.92 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 8.48 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.37 (dd, J=8.3, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 3.04 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.92-1.46 (m, 2H), 1.03 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 11 Preparation of N-methyl-N-(1-pyridin-3-yl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-isobutyramide (Compound 42)

A solution of isobutyryl chloride (0.138 g, 1.3 mmol) in dichloroethane (1 mL) was pipetted at a dropwise rate into an ice-cold suspension of methyl-(1-pyridin-3-yl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-amine (0.15 g, 0.86 mmol) in dichloroethane (5 mL), stirred for 10 minutes and then treated at a dropwise rate with a solution of 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (0.11 g, 0.9 mmol) in dichloroethane (1.5 mL). The cooling bath was removed after 30 minutes, stirred under nitrogen at room temperature for 14 hours, diluted with dichloroethane (40 mL), washed with water (30 mL), brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and purified by reversed phase column chromatography to give a yellowish gum (0.114 g, 54%) ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.01-8.93 (m, 1H), 8.67 (s, 0.4H), 8.61 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 0.6H), 8.54 (d, 0.4H), 8.08-8.02 (m, 1H), 7.96 (s, 0.6H), 7.80 (s, 0.4H), 7.70 (s, 0.6H), 7.47-7.37 (m, 1H), 3.49 (s, 1.2H), 3.26 (s, 2.8H), 3.06-2.98 (m, 0.4H), 2.86-2.70 (m, 0.6H), 1.25 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 2.4H), 1.09 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3.6H). ESIMS m/z 245 ([M+1]).

Compounds 32-41, 43-52, 54-56, 59-61, 66, 73-75, 77-79, 82-85, 93-100, 113, 117-129, 131-134, 139-140, 142-144, 148, 160, 163, 173-175, 184-186, 197-198, 202, 208, 215-217, 252-253, 277, 282-285, 287-290, 314-316, 347, 350-351, 353-355, 365-367, 370, 388, 395, 399-403, 407, 409, 415-418, 444-449, 452-454, 462-463, 465, 467-469, 496-498, 506-507, 512, 525-527, 569, 577, 581, 591 and 592 were made from the appropriate amines in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 11.

Example 12 Preparation of 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-methyl-N-(1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)butanamide (Compound 65)

To a solution of 1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine (0.150 g, 0.93 mmol) in dichloroethane (1.8 ml) was added 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-methylbutanoic acid (0.14 g, 0.93 mmol) and 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (0.23 g, 1.87 mmol) followed by 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.36 g, 1.87 mmol). The reaction stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with 0-5% MeOH/dichloromethane to give a white solid (0.15 g, 55%); mp 140-145° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.00 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.62-8.47 (m, 2H), 8.01 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.53 (bs, 1H), 7.40 (ddd, J=8.3, 4.8, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 2.92-2.61 (m, 2H), 2.32-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.38 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 300 ([M+2]).

Compounds 53, 58, 62-63, 72, 76, 80-81, 107-108, 136-138, 147, 151-159, 164-168, 176-179, 187-196, 201, 203-207, 209-214, 220, 224-249, 251, 259-275, 286, 292-296, 303-313, 323-326, 341-344, 356-359, 371, 378-379, 382, 384, 419-426, 439-443, 455, 458-461, 464, 466, 476, 486, 490-493, 505, 508, 517, 528-529, 536-537, 539-541, 544-545, 549-554, 572-577, 578, 579 and 580 were prepared from the appropriate amines in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 12.

Example 13 Preparation of tert-butyl 1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-ylcarbamate (Compound 57)

Method A:

To a solution of 1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine (3 g, 18.73 mmol) in dichloromethane (33.4 ml) was added triethylamine (3.13 ml, 7.68 mmol) and BOC-anhydride (4.5 g, 20.60 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The organic portion was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to dryness. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with 0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes to yield a white solid (2.0 g, 41%); mp 108-112° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.02 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.51 (t, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 7.98 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.4, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.36 (dd, J=8.2, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 1.52 (s, 9H); ESIMS m/z 261 ([M+1]).

Compounds 64 and 130 were prepared in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 13, Method A.

Method B:

To a solution of 1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine (0.1 g, 0.624 mmol) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (0.161 ml, 0.693 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1.890 ml) and water (0.568 ml) was added dropwise saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (0.572 ml, 0.687 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were concentrate to give tert-butyl 1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-ylcarbamate (135 mg, 0.519 mmol, 83%), for which the analytical data was consistent with that reported in Example 13, Method A.

Compounds 150, 172, 223, and 317 were prepared in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 13, Method B. Compound 172 and 317 was also prepared in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 17. These compounds, as well as, certain other compounds, were made by alternative methods further illustrating certain embodiments.

Example 14 Preparation of tert-butyl methyl(1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (Compound 67)

To a solution of tert-butyl 1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-ylcarbamate (1.6 g, 6.15 mmol) in DMF (30.7 ml) at 0° C. was added sodium hydride (0.34 g, 8.61 mmol, 60% dispersion in mineral oil) in one portion and the suspension was stirred for 30 minutes. The ice bath was removed and stirred for an additional 30 minutes. Iodomethane (0.46 ml, 7.38 mmol) was added in one portion and stirred overnight at room temperature. Water and ethyl acetate were added and the resulting biphasic mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted one time with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried

(MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to dryness. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with 0-35% ethyl acetate/hexanes to yield a light yellow semi-solid (0.85 g, 50%): IR (KBr) 1703 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.98 (s, 1H), 8.52 (d, J=3.8 Hz, 1H), 8.32 (s, 0.5H), 8.13-7.97 (m, 1H), 7.84 (s, 0.5H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 7.39 (dd, J=8.0, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.30 (s, 3H), 1.56 (s, 9H); ESIMS m/z 275 ([M+H]).

Compounds 68, 86-92, 105-106, 114-116, 141, 149, 161-162, 199-200, 254, 258, 291, 332, 352, 360-361, 380-381, 414, 430-431, 450, 457, 474-475, 485, 488, 510-511, 515, 523, and 590 were prepared from the appropriate amides in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 14.

Tert-butyl methyl(3-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate was prepared as in Example 14: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.91 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.51 (dd, J=4.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.4, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J=8.3, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 3.20 (s, 3H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 1.60-1.30 (m, 9H).

Example 15 Preparation of N-ethyl-N-(1-methyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)isobutyramide (Compound 23)

To a solution of N-(1-methyl-3-(pyridine-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)isobutyramide (0.08 g, 0.33 mmol) in DMF (0.66 ml) at 0° C. was added sodium hydride (0.016 g, 0.39 mmol, 60% dispersion in mineral oil) in one portion and the suspension was stirred for 30 minutes. The ice bath was removed and stirred for an additional 30 minutes. Iodoethane (0.06 g, 0.39 mmol) was added in one portion and stirred overnight at room temperature. Water and ethyl acetate were added and the resulting biphasic mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted one time with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to dryness. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography to give the title compound as a clear oil (27.5 mg, 30%): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.00 (bs, 1H), 8.57 (s, 1H), 8.09 (dd, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (dd, 1H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 4.00 (m, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.36 (m, 1H), 2.33 (m, 1H), 1.17 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.08 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 6H); ESIMS m/z 273 (M+H).

Compound 22 was prepared in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 15.

Example 16 Preparation of 5-bromo-1H-pyrazol-4-amine, HBr

A mixture of 4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (10 g, 88 mmol) and 5% palladium on Al₂O₃ (1 g) in a mixture of ethanol (150 mL) and 50% aqueous HBr (50 mL) was shaken in a Par apparatus under hydrogen (10 psi) for 36 h. The mixture was filtered and the catalyst washed with ethanol. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give a white solid. This solid was suspended in 10 mL of ethanol. After swirling the flask for 5 min, ether was added to complete the crystallization. The solid was filtered, was washed with ether and dried under high vacuum to afford 5-bromo-1H-pyrazol-4-amine, HBr (18.1 g, 84% yield) as a white solid: mp 248° C. dec; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.47 (s, 1H), 10.00 (s, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H).

Example 17 Preparation of tert-butyl (3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (Compound 172) Example 17 Step 1: Preparation of 3-chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-amine hydrochloride

Into a 2 L three-necked round bottom flask affixed with an overhead stirrer, a temperature probe, an addition funnel, and a nitrogen inlet were added ethanol (600 mL) and 4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (50.6 g, 447 mmol). To this solution was added, in one portion, conc. HCl (368 mL) (note: rapid exotherm from 15° C. to 39° C.) and the resulting mixture was purged with nitrogen for 5 minutes. Palladium on alumina (5% w/w) (2.6 g, Alfa, black solid) was added to the mixture and stirred at room temperature while triethylsilane (208 g, 1789 mmol) was added drop-wise over 4 h. The reaction, which started to slowly exotherm from 35° C. to 55° C. over 2.0 h, was stirred for a total of 16 h and vacuum filtered through a plug of Celite® to give a biphasic mixture. The mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel, the bottom aqueous layer was collected and rotary evaporated (60° C., 50 mmHg) to dryness with the aid of acetonitrile (3×350 mL). The resulting yellow solid was suspended in acetonitrile (150 mL) and allowed to stand for 2 h at room temperature followed by 1 h at 0° C. in the refrigerator. The solids were filtered and washed with acetonitrile (100 mL) to afford the titled compound 3-chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-amine hydrochloride (84 g, 97% yield, 80% purity) as a white solid: mp 190-193° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.46-10.24 (bs, 2H), 8.03 (s, 0.54H), 7.75 (s, 0.46H), 5.95 (bs, 1H)); ¹³C-NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 128.24, 125.97, 116.71.

Example 17 Step 2: Preparation of tert-butyl (3-chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate

Into a 2 L round bottom flask was added 3-chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-amine hydrochloride (100 g, 649 mmol) and THF (500 mL). To this mixture were added di-tert-butyldicarbonate (156 g, 714 mmol) followed by sodium bicarbonate (120 g, 1429 mmol) and water (50.0 ml). The mixture was stirred for 16 h, diluted with water (500 mL) and ethyl acetate (500 mL) and transferred to a separatory funnel. This gave three layers; bottom—a white gelatinous precipitate, middle—light yellow aqueous, top—auburn organic. The phases were separated collecting the white gelatinous precipitate and the aqueous layer together. The aqueous was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×200 mL) and the ethyl acetate extracts were combined, washed with brine (200 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and rotary evaporated to give an auburn thick oil (160 g.). The thick oil was suspended in hexane (1000 mL) and stirred at 55° C. for 2 h. This gave a light brown suspension. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and the solid collected by vacuum filtration and rinsed with hexane (2×10 mL). The sample was air dried to constant mass to afford (3-chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (102.97 g, 72% yield, 80% purity) as a light brown solid: mp 137-138° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.69 (s, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 1.52 (s, 9H).

Example 17 Step 3: Preparation of tert-butyl (3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (Compound 172)

To a dry 2 L round bottom flask equipped with mechanical stirrer, nitrogen inlet, thermometer, and reflux condenser was charged the 3-iodopyridine (113.0 g, 551 mmol), (3-chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-carbamate (100 g, 459 mmol), potassium phosphate (powdered in a mortar and pestle) (195 g, 919 mmol), and copper chloride (3.09, 22.97 mmol). Acetonitrile (1 L) followed by N¹,N²-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine were added and the mixture was heated to 81° C. for 4 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through a bed of Celite®. The filtrate was transferred to a 4 L Erlenmeyer flask equipped with mechanical stirrer and diluted with water until the total volume was about 4 L. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature and the resulting solid was collected by vacuum filtration. The solid was washed with water and washed with water and oven dried for several days in vacuo at 40° C. to a constant weight to give tert-butyl (3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (117.8 g, 87% yield, 80% purity) as a tan solid: mp 140-143° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.96 (s, 1H), 8.53 (dd, J=4.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 7.98 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J=8.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 6.37 (s, 1H), 1.54 (s, 9H); ESIMS (m/z) 338 ([M-t-Bu]⁺), 220 ([M-O-t-Bu]⁻).

Compound 172 was also prepared in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 13. Compound 317 was prepared in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 17 from tert-butyl (3-bromo-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate and also in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 13.

Example 18 Preparation of 3-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine and 3-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine

To a solution of 3-methyl-1H-pyrazole (10.99 g, 134 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (100 ml) at 0° C. was added sodium hydride (3.71 g, 154 mmol, 60% dispersion). The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 2 hours. 3-Fluoropyridine (10.0 g, 103 mmol) was added, and the reaction was stirred at 100° C. overnight. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and water was added slowly. The mixture was extracted with dichloromethane and the combined organic phases were washed with brine, concentrated and chromatographed (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to afford 3-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (8.4 g, 52.77 mmol, 51.2%) and 3-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (1.0 g, 6%). Analytical data of both products is consistent with that reported under Example 6, Step 1.

3-(3-Bromo-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine was prepared from 3-fluoropyridine and 3-bromopyrazole, which was made as in WO2008130021, as described Example 18: mp 89.5-92.5° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.94 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.62-8.49 (m, 1H), 8.03 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.2, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H); ESIMS m/z 224 ([M]⁺).

Example 19 Preparation of 3-chloro-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine

To a stirred solution of 5-chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-amine, HCl (2 g, 12.99 mmol) and cesium carbonate (8.89 g, 27.3 mmol) in DMF (13 mL) was added 3,5-difluoropyridine (1.794 g, 15.58 mmol) and the mixture heated at 70° C. for 12 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered. The solids were washed with copious amount of ethyl acetate. The filtrates was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to give a brown solid. This solid was dissolved in ethyl acetate and the resulting solution was saturated with hexanes to precipitate 3-chloro-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine (2.31 g, 10.32 mmol, 79% yield) as a brown solid: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.89-8.82 (m, 1H), 8.45 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 4.51 (s, 2H); EIMS (m/z) 213 ([M+1]+).

3-Bromo-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from the corresponding pyrazole as described in Example 19: mp 164-165° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.65 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.36 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (dd, J=5.9, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (s, 1H), 3.22 (s, 2H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 160.87, 158.30, 135.36, 135.13, 134.39, 134.35, 131.16, 123.31, 114.02, 112.77, 112.54; EIMS (m/z) 258 ([M+1]+).

Example 20 Preparation of 1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-amine

To a solution of 3-fluoro-5-(3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (3.133 g, 14.10 mmol) in ethanol (28.2 ml) was added ethyl acetate until all of the starting material went into solution. The solution was degassed and 10% palladium on carbon (0.750 g, 0.705 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred in a parr hydrogenator at 40 psi for 3 hours. The solution was filtered through celite with ethyl acetate and concentrated to give 1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-amine (2.000 g, 10.41 mmol, 73.8%) as a brown solid: mp 136.0-138.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.67-8.59 (m, 1H), 8.27 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (dt, J=9.9, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 3.01 (s, 2H), 2.28 (s, 3H); EIMS m/z 192.

1-(Pyridin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from the appropriate nitropyrazole as described in Example 20: mp 112.5-115.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.89 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.57 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (ddd, J=8.3, 4.8, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 3.47-3.31 (m, 2H); EIMS m/z 228.

Example 21 Preparation of 3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine

To 3-(3-chloro-4-nitro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (0.95 g, 4.23 mmol) in acetic acid (8.46 mL), ethanol (8.46 mL) and water (4.23 mL) was added iron powder (1.18 g, 21.15 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. To this was added carefully 2 M KOH and extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layers were combined, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to dryness. The crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-10% methanol/dichloromethane) to give the desired product as a white solid (0.66 g, 80%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.84 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 8.49 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (s, 1H), 7.37 (ddd, J=8.4, 4.7, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (bs, 2H).

3-methyl-1-(2-methylpyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared as described in Example 21: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.48 (dd, J=4.8, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (dd, J=8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.18 (m, 2H), 2.91 (bs, 2H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H); EIMS m/z 188.

3-Phenyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from the appropriate nitropyrazole as described in Example 21: IR (thin film) 3324 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.94 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.47 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.87-7.80 (m, 2H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.50-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.34 (m, 2H), 3.86 (s, 2H); EIMS m/z 236.

3-Chloro-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from the appropriate nitropyrazole as described in Example 21: mp 149.0-151.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.65 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.35 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (dt, J=9.5, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 3.21 (s, 2H); ESIMS m/z 213 ([M]⁺).

3-Bromo-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared from the appropriate nitropyrazole as described in Example 21: mp 143.0-146.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.85 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.50 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.37 (ddd, J=8.4, 4.7, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 3.21 (s, 2H); ESIMS m/z 241 ([M+2]⁺).

Example 22 Preparation of tert-butyl (5-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (Compound 281)

To a solution of (E)-tert-butyl 1-(dimethylamino)-3-oxobut-1-en-2-ylcarbamate (0.59 g, 2.58 mmol) in ethanol (2.5 mL) was added 3-hydrazinylpyridine, 2HCl (0.470 g, 2.58 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified using silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the title compound as an orange foam (0.235 g, 30%): IR (thin film) 3268, 2978 and 1698 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.75 (dd, J=2.5, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (dd, J=4.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (ddd, J=8.2, 2.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.43 (ddd, J=8.1, 4.8, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (s, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 1.52 (s, 9H); ESIMS m/z 275 ([M+H]⁺), 273 ([M−H]⁻).

Example 23 Preparation of tert-butyl 1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylcarbamate (Compound III) and tert-butyl 5-ethoxy-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylcarbamate (Compound 112)

To a solution of 3-fluoro-5-(3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (3.133 g, 14.10 mmol) in ethanol (28.2 ml) was added ethyl acetate until all of the starting material went into solution. The solution was degassed and 10% palladium on carbon (0.750 g, 0.705 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred in a parr hydrogenator at 40 psi for 3 hours. The solution was filtered through celite with ethyl acetate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (32.0 ml) and water (9.61 ml). Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (2.52 g, 11.55 mmol) was added followed by saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (9.54 ml, 11.45 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight, diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were concentrated and chromatographed (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give tert-butyl 1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylcarbamate (1.673 g, 5.72 mmol, 41.0%) as a yellow solid and the tert-butyl 5-ethoxy-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylcarbamate (0.250 g, 0.74 mmol, 5.2%) as a brown oil:

Tert-butyl 1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylcarbamate (Compound III): mp 131.5-133.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.75 (s, 1H), 8.32 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 7.77 (dt, J=9.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.15 (s, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 1.54 (s, 9H); ESIMS m/z 293 ([M+H]⁺).

Tert-butyl 5-ethoxy-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylcarbamate (Compound 112): IR (thin film) 1698 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.88 (s, 1H), 8.34 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.99 (s, 1H), 4.37 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 1.50 (s, 9H), 1.37 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 337 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 24 Preparation of Bis tert-t-butyl (1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (Compound 595)

To a solution of tert-butyl (1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (2.00 g, 7.68 mmol) in dry THF (21.95 mL) at 0° C. was added 60% sodium hydride (0.33 g, 8.45 mmol) in one portion and stirred at that temperature for 30 minutes. To this was then added Boc-Anhydride (1.84 g, 8.45 mmol) in one portion and stirred for 5 minutes at 0° C. The water bath was removed and the reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred at additional 30 minutes. The reaction was quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layers were combined, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to dryness. The crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give the desired product as a white solid (2.0 g, 72%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.12-8.86 (m, 1H), 8.55 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d, J=0.5 Hz, 1H), 7.84-7.65 (m, 1H), 7.41 (ddd, J=8.3, 4.8, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 1.51 (s, 18H).

Example 25 Preparation of 3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine (Compound 516)

To tert-butyl (3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (2 g, 6.79 mmol) in dichloromethane (6.79 ml) was added trifluoroacetic acid (6.79 ml) and the mixture was left stirring at room temperature for 2 hours. Toluene (12 mL) was added and the reaction was concentrated to near dryness. The mixture was poured into a separatory funnel containing saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonated and was extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were concentrated to give 3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine (0.954 g, 4.90 mmol, 72.2%) as a white solid: mp 137.9-139.9° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.84 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.50 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 7.37 (ddd, J=8.4, 4.7, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 3.18 (s, 2H); ESIMS m/z 196 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 26 Preparation of N-allyl-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-amine hydrochloride

To a solution of tert-butyl allyl(1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (908 mg, 2.73 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) was added HCl (1M in ether) (13.65 mL, 13.65 mmol) and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 48 h. The resulting white solid was filtered, washed with ether and dried under vacuum to give N-allyl-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-amine, HCl (688 mg, 94% yield) as a white solid: mp 189-190° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.79-8.68 (m, 1H), 8.32-8.26 (m, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 7.98-7.86 (m, 1H), 5.86-5.68 (m, 1H), 5.28-5.17 (m, 1H), 5.17-5.03 (m, 1H), 3.59 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.11 (s, 3H); EIMS (m/z) 233 ([M+1]+).

N-Allyl-3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine, HCl was prepared as described in Example 26 from tert-butyl allyl(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate: mp 172-174° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.20 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.65 (dd, J=5.3, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 8.61 (ddd, J=8.6, 2.5, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 8.24 (s, 1H), 7.93 (dd, J=8.6, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (dt, J=5.5, 1.3 Hz, 2H); EIMS (m/z) 235 ([M+1]+).

N-Allyl-3-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine, HCl was prepared as described in Example 26 from tert-butyl allyl(3-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl): mp 195-197° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.12 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.58 (dd, J=5.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.48 (s, 1H), 8.43 (d, J=9.7 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (dd, J=8.4, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.04-5.92 (m, 1H), 5.44 (dd, J=17.2, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 2H); EIMS (m/z) 249 ([M−1]+).

3-Bromo-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-N-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-amine, HCl was prepared as described in Example 26 from tert-butyl 3-bromo-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl(methyl)carbamate: mp 167-168° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.93 (s, 1H), 8.50 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 8.14 (dt, J=10.4, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 2.73 (s, 3H).

3-Bromo-N-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine, HCl was prepared as described in Example 26 from tert-butyl (3-bromo-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(methyl)carbamate (160 mg, 0.45 mmol) in dioxane (1 mL) was added 4M HCl: mp. 226-228° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.26-9.06 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 8.69-8.54 (m, 1H), 8.54-8.39 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.33-8.14 (s, 1H), 7.90-7.72 (m, 1H), 2.82-2.67 (s, 3H); EIMS (m/z) 253 ([M+1]+), 255 ([M+2H]+).

3-Bromo-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine, HCl was prepared as described in Example 26 from 3-bromo-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine, HCl: mp 216-217° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.66-10.05 (s, 3H), 9.28-9.20 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.74-8.67 (m, 1H), 8.67-8.56 (m, 3H), 7.96-7.84 (m, 1H), 3.21-3.14 (m, 2H), 1.29-1.22 (m, 3H); EIMS (m/z) 267 ([M+1]+).

3-Chloro-N-(2-methoxyethyl)-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine, HCl was prepared as described in Example 26 from tert-butyl (3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(2-methoxyethyl)carbamate, HCl: mp 157-158° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 9.22-9.14 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.70-8.65 (s, 1H), 8.65-8.59 (m, 1H), 8.38-8.33 (m, 1H), 8.00-7.89 (m, 1H), 3.59-3.50 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.32-3.27 (s, 3H), 3.22-3.14 (m, 2H); EIMS (m/z) 253 ([M+1]+).

Example 27 Preparation of 3-chloro-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine hydrochloride

Into a 500 mL three-necked round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar was added a solution of tert-butyl (3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(ethyl)carbamate (21 g, 65.1 mmol) in 1.4-dioxane (35 mL). This pale yellow solution was placed into an ice bath and cooled to 1° C. A solution of 4M HCl/dioxane (65 mL, 260 mmol) was added in one portion. After stirring for 20 minutes, the ice bath was removed and the suspension was stirred further at ambient temperature for 16 hours. The reaction was diluted with 200 mL of ethyl ether and the solid was filtered and washed with ether and placed in a vacuum oven at 40° C. for 18 hours. The title compound was isolated as a pale yellow solid (18.2 g, 95%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 9.52 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 9.17 (s, 1H), 9.14 (ddd, J=8.7, 2.5, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 8.93 (ddd, J=5.7, 1.1, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (ddd, J=8.7, 5.7, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 3.58 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.48 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 223 ([M+H]⁺).

3-Chloro-N-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-amine, 2HCl was prepared as described in Example 27: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 9.28 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.86 (ddd, J=8.7, 2.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.79-8.75 (m, 1H), 8.62 (s, 1H), 8.19 (ddd, J=8.7, 5.6, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 3.06 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 141.42, 139.58, 137.76, 134.58, 134.11, 129.33, 127.55, 122.14, 35.62); ESIMS m/z 209 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 28 Preparation of 3-(4-nitro-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine

To a suspension of phenylboronic acid (0.546 g, 4.47 mmol) in toluene (6.63 ml) was added 3-(3-chloro-4-nitro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (0.335 g, 1.492 mmol) followed by ethanol (3.31 ml) and 2 M aqueous potassium carbonate (1.492 ml, 2.98 mmol). The solution was degassed by applying vacuum and then purging with nitrogen (3 times). To the reaction mixture was added palladium tetrakis (0.086 g, 0.075 mmol) and the flask was heated at 110° C. under nitrogen for 16 hours. The aqueous layer was removed and the organic layer was concentrated. The crude product was purified via silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give 3-(4-nitro-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (499 mg, 1.874 mmol, 80%) as a yellow solid: mp 144.0-146.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.09 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.82 (s, 1H), 8.71 (dd, J=4.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.16 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.82-7.74 (m, 2H), 7.55-7.48 (m, 4H); EIMS m/z 266.

Example 29 Preparation of 5-bromo-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-ylmethyl)carbamate (Compound 110)

To tert-butyl methyl(1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (0.200 g, 0.729 mmol) in dichloroethane (3.65 ml) was added 1-bromopyrrolidine-2,5-dione (0.260 g, 1.458 mmol) and the reaction was stirred overnight at 50° C. The reaction was concentrated, diluted with dichloromethane, and washed with water and saturated aqueous sodium thiosulfate. The organic phase was concentrated to give tert-butyl 5-bromo-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl(methyl)carbamate (256 mg, 0.725 mmol, 99%) as a brown oil: IR (thin film) 1697 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.89 (s, 1H), 8.68 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (ddd, J=8.2, 2.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.46 (dd, J=8.1, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.22 (s, 3H), 1.44 (s, 9H); ESIMS m/z 352 ([M−H]⁻).

Example 30 Preparation of Bis tert-t-butyl (5-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (Compound 109)

To Bis tert-t-butyl (1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (1.30 g, 3.61 mmol) in acetonitrile (21.22 mL) was added N-chlorosuccinimide (0.96 g, 7.21 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at 45° C. for 48 hours. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and poured into water and extracted with dichloromethane. The dichloromethane layers were combined, poured through a phase separator to remove water and concentrated to dryness. The crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-60% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give the desired product as a yellow solid (0.90 g, 63%): mp 109-115° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.90 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.68 (dd, J=4.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (ddd, J=8.2, 2.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.47 (dtd, J=11.0, 5.6, 5.5, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 1.49 (s, 18H); ESIMS m/z 395 ([M+H]⁺).

Tert-butyl (5-chloro-3-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(methyl)carbamate was prepared from the appropriate pyrazole in dichloroethane as the solvent as described in Example 30: ESIMS m/z 324 ([M+H]⁺).

Compounds 110 (see also procedure in Example 29) and 146 were prepared from the appropriate pyrazoles using N-bromosuccinimide in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 30.

Tert-butyl 5-bromo-3-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl(methyl)carbamate was prepared from the appropriate pyrazole in dichloroethane as described in Example 30: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.88 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.69-8.60 (m, 1H), 7.96-7.86 (m, 1H), 7.48-7.39 (m, 1H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 1.60-1.36 (m, 9H); ESIMS m/z 368 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 31 Preparation of bis tert-butyl (5-fluoro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (Compound 135)

To a solution of his tert-t-butyl (1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (0.075 g, 0.208 mmol) in DMF (0.416 ml) and acetonitrile (0.416 ml) was added Selecfluor® (0.184 g, 0.520 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for one week. The reaction was concentrated, saturated aqueous ammonium chloride was added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were concentrated and chromatographed (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give his tert-butyl (5-fluoro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (16 mg, 0.042 mmol, 20.32%) as an off-white solid: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.97 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.61 (dd, J=4.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (ddt, J=8.3, 2.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (ddd, J=8.3, 4.8, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 1.50 (s, 18H); ESIMS m/z 379 ([M+H]⁺).

Tert-butyl (5-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(methyl)carbamate was prepared as described in Example 31: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.94 (s, 1H), 8.57 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J=7.9, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 1.58-1.40 (m, 9H); ESIMS m/z 307 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 32 Preparation of N-cyclopropyl-3-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine Example 32 Step 1: Preparation of 3-(4-iodo-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine

To a mixture of 3-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (6.7 g, 42.1 mmol), iodic acid (2.96 g, 16.84 mmol), and diiodine (8.55 g, 33.7 mmol) in acetic acid (60.1 ml) was added concentrated sulfur acid (3.74 ml, 21.04 mmol). The reaction mixture heated to 70° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was poured onto ice with sodium thiosulfate and was extracted with diethyl ether. The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The organic phases were then dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The solid residue was dissolved in dichloromethane, applied to a 80 g silica gel column, and eluted with 0-80% acetone in hexanes to afford 3-(4-iodo-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (11.3 g, 35.7 mmol, 85%) as a white solid: mp 131° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.95-8.85 (m, 1H), 8.52 (dd, J=4.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.00-7.94 (m, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.38 (ddd, J=8.3, 4.8, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 2.34 (s, 3H); EIMS m/z 285.

Example 32 Step 2: Preparation of N-cyclopropyl-3-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine

To a solution of 3-(4-iodo-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (2.0 g, 7.02 mmol) in dimethylsulfoxide (7.02 ml) was added 1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolin-8-yl)ethanone (0.246 g, 1.403 mmol), cyclopropanamine (0.486 ml, 7.02 mmol), cesium carbonate (6.86 g, 21.05 mmol) and copper(I) bromide (0.101 g, 0.702 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 35° C. for 2 days. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organics were washed with brine, concentrated and chromatographed (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give N-cyclopropyl-3-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine (269 mg, 1.255 mmol, 17.90%) as a yellow solid: mp 104.0-107.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.89 (dd, J=2.7, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 8.41 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.33 (ddd, J=8.3, 4.7, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (s, 1H), 2.53-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 0.72-0.65 (m, 2H), 0.60-0.53 (m, 2H); ESIMS m/z 215 ([M+H]⁺).

3-Methyl-N-(3-(methylthio)propyl)-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared as described in Example 32: IR (thin film) 3298 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.87 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.40 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 7.34-7.29 (m, 1H), 3.16 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.89 (s, 1H), 2.64 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 1.95 (p, J=6.9 Hz, 2H); ESIMS m/z 263 ([M+H]⁺).

3-Methyl-N-(2-methyl-3-(methylthio)propyl)-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine was prepared as described in Example 32: IR (thin film) 3325 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.86 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.40 (dd, J=4.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 7.32 (ddd, J=8.3, 4.7, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 3.12 (dd, J=11.5, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 2.94 (dd, J=11.9, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (dd, J=12.9, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.52 (dd, J=12.9, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.12-2.02 (m, 1H), 1.11 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H); EIMS m/z 276.

Example 33 Preparation of tert-butyl (3-cyclopropyl-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (Compound 434) and tert-butyl (1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (Compound 489)

To a suspension of 2-cyclopropyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (1.087 g, 6.47 mmol) in toluene (13.69 ml) was added tert-butyl (3-bromo-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (1.1 g, 3.08 mmol) followed by ethanol (6.84 ml) and 2 M aqueous potassium carbonate (3.08 mL, 6.16 mmol). The solution was degassed by applying vacuum and then purging with nitrogen (3 times). To the reaction mixture was added palladium tetrakis (0.178 g, 0.154 mmol) and the flask was heated at 100° C. under nitrogen for 36 hours. Water (5 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organics were concentrated and chromatographed (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give tert-butyl (3-cyclopropyl-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (705 mg, 2.215 mmol, 71.9% yield) as a yellow solid and tert-butyl (1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate (242 mg, 0.870 mmol, 28.2% yield) as a yellow solid.

tert-Butyl (3-cyclopropyl-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate: mp 156.5-158.0; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.73 (s, 1H), 8.30 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.27 (s, 1H), 7.76 (dt, J=9.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.43 (s, 1H), 1.55 (s, 9H), 1.01-0.91 (m, 4H); ESIMS m/z 319 ([M+H]⁺).

(1-(5-Fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamate: mp 121.0-123.0° C.; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.78 (s, 1H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 6.44 (s, 1H), 1.53 (s, 9H). ESIMS m/z 278 ([M]⁺).

Compounds 340 and 404 were prepared as described in Example 33.

Example 34 Preparation of tert-butyl (3-ethyl-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(methyl)carbamate (Compound 408)

To a N₂-purged solution of tert-butyl (1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-vinyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(methyl)carbamate (0.730 g, 2.293 mmol) in methanol (15.29 ml) was added 10% palladium on carbon (0.036 g, 0.339 mmol). The reaction was purged with hydrogen and run under 80 psi of hydrogen at room temperature for 60 hours. The reaction gave less than 20% conversion. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite, concentrated, and redissolved in ethyl acetate (4 mL) and transferred to a bomb. The reaction was heated at 50° C. at 600 psi of hydrogen for 20 hours. The reaction was only 50% complete. Methanol (1 mL) and 10% palladium on carbon (36 mg) were added, and the reaction was heated at 80° C. at 650 psi of hydrogen for 20 hours. The reaction was filtered through celite and concentrated to give tert-butyl (3-ethyl-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(methyl)carbamate (616 mg, 1.923 mmol, 84% yield) as yellow oil: IR (thin film) 1692 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.71 (t, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.35 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (dt, J=9.5, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.65 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.25 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H); EIMS m/z 320.

Example 35 Preparation of N-(1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-formyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)isobutyramide (Compound 560)

To a solution of N-(1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-vinyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)isobutyramide (0.706 g, 2.57 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (12.87 ml) and water (12.87 ml) was added osmium tetroxide (0.164 ml, 0.026 mmol). After 10 minutes at room temperature, sodium periodate (1.101 g, 5.15 mmol) was added in portions over 3 minutes and the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature. After 18 hours, the solution was poured into 10 mL water and was extracted with 3×10 mL dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were dried, concentrated and chromatographed (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give N-(1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-formyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)isobutyramide (626 mg, 2.266 mmol, 88% yield) as a yellow solid: mp 140.0-142.0° C.; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.12 (s, 1H), 9.14 (s, 1H), 8.90 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.82 (s, 1H), 8.51 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (dt, J=9.2, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 2.65 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H); ESIMS m/z 277 ([M+H]⁺).

Compound 369 was prepared in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 35.

Example 36 Preparation of N-(1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)isobutyramide (Compound 435) and N-(1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)isobutyramide (Compound 436)

To a solution of N-(1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-formyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)isobutyramide (0.315 g, 1.140 mmol) in methanol (5.70 ml) at 0° C. was added sodium borohydride (0.086 g, 2.280 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 2 hours, and room temperature for 20 hours. 0.5 M HCl was added, the reaction was neutralized with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The organic phases were concentrated and chromatographed (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give N-(1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)isobutyramide (180 mg, 0.647 mmol, 56.7%) as a white solid and N-(1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)isobutyramide (9 mg, 0.036 mmol, 3.18%) as a white solid.

N-(1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)isobutyramide: mp 144.0-146.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.74 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (s, 1H), 8.37-8.29 (m, 2H), 7.74 (dt, J=9.5, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.21-3.06 (m, 1H), 2.63-2.48 (m, 1H), 1.26 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H); ESIMS m/z 279 ([M+H]⁺).

N-(1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)isobutyramide: IR (thin film) 1659 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.79 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.60 (s, 1H), 8.38 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (dt, J=9.5, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 2.63-2.51 (m, 1H), 1.28 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H); ESIMS m/z 249 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 37 Preparation of N-(3-(chloromethyl)-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)isobutyramide (Compound 561)

To a solution of N-(1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)isobutyramide (0.100 g, 0.359 mmol) in dichloromethane (3.59 ml) was added thionyl chloride (0.157 ml, 2.151 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate was added, and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic phases were washed with brine and concentrated to give N-(3-(chloromethyl)-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)isobutyramide (100 mg, 0.337 mmol, 94% yield) as a white solid: mp 172.0-177.0° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.79 (s, 1H), 8.67 (s, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 7.80 (dt, J=9.4, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (s, 1H), 4.77 (s, 2H), 2.63 (hept, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.30 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H); ESIMS m/z 298 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 38 Preparation of N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-2-methoxyacetamide (Compound 512) (see also Example 11)

To a solution of 3-chloro-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine, 2HCl (0.130 g, 0.502 mmol) and in DCM (2.508 ml) was added N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine (0.257 ml, 1.505 mmol) followed by 2-methoxyacetyl chloride (0.109 g, 1.003 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours. The reaction was quenched by the addition of saturated sodium bicarbonate. The organic layer was extracted with DCM. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, concentrated and purified using silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the title compound as a pale yellow oil (0.12 g, 77%): IR (thin film) 3514, 3091, 2978, 1676 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.96 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.63 (d, J=3.8 Hz, 1H), 8.09-8.03 (m, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.47 (dd, J=8.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (s, 2H), 3.77-3.65 (m, 2H), 3.40 (s, 3H), 1.18 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 295 ([M+H]⁺).

Compounds 71, 478, 481, 483-484, and 543 were prepared in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 38.

Example 39 Preparation of N-(3-chloro-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-2-methyl-3-(methylthio)butanamide (Compound 182) and (Z)-N-(3-chloro-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-2-methylbut-2-enamide (Compound 183)

To a solution 2-methyl-3-(methylthio)butanoic acid (0.154 g, 1.039 mmol) in dichloromethane (1 mL) at room temperature was added 1 drop of dimethylformamide. Oxalyl dichloride (0.178 ml, 2.078 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was redissolved in dichloromethane (1 mL) and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was redissolved in dichloromethane (0.5 mL) and the solution was added to a solution of 3-chloro-N-ethyl-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine (0.100 g, 0.416 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.254 g, 2.078 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL) and stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purify by chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give N-(3-chloro-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-2-methyl-3-(methylthio)butanamide (34 mg, 0.092 mmol, 22.06%) as a faint yellow oil and (Z)-N-(3-chloro-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-2-methylbut-2-enamide (38 mg, 0.118 mmol, 28.3% yield) as a yellow oil.

N-(3-chloro-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-2-methyl-3-(methylthio)butanamide: IR (thin film) 1633 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.79 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 0.66H), 8.77 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 0.33H), 8.50 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 0.33H), 8.49 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 0.66H), 8.08 (s, 0.66H), 7.95 (s, 0.33H), 7.92-7.81 (m, 1H), 4.03-3.46 (m, 2H), 3.03-2.78 (m, 1H), 2.59-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.04 (s, 2H), 2.02 (s, 1H), 1.32 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 1.27 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 1.23 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 1.18-1.12 (m, 5H); ESIMS m/z 371 ([M]⁺).

(Z)-N-(3-chloro-1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-2-methylbut-2-enamide: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.73 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.46 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (dt, J=9.2, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.93-5.76 (m, 1H), 3.73 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.72 (s, 3H), 1.58 (dd, J=6.9, 0.9 Hz, 3H), 1.17 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 323 ([M]⁺).

Compounds 70, 180-181, 389-392, 397-398, 405-406, 427-429, 432, 456, 482, 521-522, 532-534, 555, and 589 were prepared from the corresponding intermediates and starting materials in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 39.

Example 40 Preparation of N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methyl-2-(methylthio)acetamide (Compound 337)

To an ice cold solution of 2-(methylthio)acetic acid (0.092 g, 0.863 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine (0.111 g, 0.863 mmol) followed by isobutyl chloroformate (0.099 ml, 0.767 mmol). Stirring was continued for 10 minutes. Next, the mixed anhydride was added to a solution of 3-chloro-N-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine (0.08 g, 0.383 mmol) in DCM (0.66 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified using reverse phase C-18 column chromatography (0-100% CH₃CN/H₂O) to yield the title compound as a pale yellow oil (0.075 g, 66%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.95 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (dd, J=4.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 8.04 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.50-7.43 (m, 1H), 3.26 (s, 3H), 3.12 (s, 2H), 2.24 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 170.00, 148.61, 140.15, 140.03, 135.68, 126.56, 126.42, 125.33, 124.15, 37.16, 34.94, 16.22; ESIMS m/z 297 ([M+H]⁺).

Compounds 335, 336, and 542 were prepared in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 40.

Example 41 Preparation of N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-2-methyl-3-oxobutanamide (Compound 499)

To a solution of 3-chloro-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine, HCl (259 mg, 1 mmol) and ethyl 2-methyl-3-oxobutanoate (144 mg, 1.000 mmol) in dioxane (1 mL) was added 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidine (181 mg, 1.30 mmol) and the mixture was heated in a microwave (CEM Discover) at 150° C. for 1.5 h, with external IR-sensor temperature monitoring from the bottom of the vessel. LCMS (ELSD) indicated a 40% conversion to the desired product. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL) and saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (15 mL), and the organic phase was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL) and the combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to give an oily residue. This residue was purified on silica gel eluting with mixtures of ethyl acetate and hexanes to give N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-2-methyl-3-oxobutanamide (37 mg, 11% yield, 96% purity) as a colorless oil: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.02-8.92 (dd, J=2.6, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.68-8.60 (dd, J=4.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.09-7.98 (m, 1H), 7.96-7.87 (s, 1H), 3.87-3.58 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.49-3.38 (m, 1H), 2.16-2.08 (s, 3H), 1.39-1.32 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.22-1.13 (m, 3H); EIMS (m/z) 321 ([M+1]⁺), 319 ([M−1]⁻).

Example 42 Preparation of N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethylcyclopropanecarboxamide (Compound 538)

To a solution of 3-chloro-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine monohydrochloride (0.10 g, 0.0.38 mmol) in dichloroethane (0.75 ml) was added cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (0.03 g, 0.38 mmol) and 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (0.14 g, 1.15 mmol) followed by 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.14 g, 0.77 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness and the crude product was purified by reverse phase silica gel chromatography eluting with 0-50% acetonitrile/water to give a white solid (0.03 g, 25%); mp 111-119° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.96 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.63-8.59 (m, 1H), 8.06 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.46 (dd, J=8.3, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.46 (ddd, J=12.6, 8.1, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 1.16 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.04 (t, J=3.7 Hz, 2H), 0.71 (dd, J=7.7, 3.0 Hz, 2H); ESIMS m/z 291 ([M+H]).

Compounds 69, 516, 524, 546, 558-559, 582-588, 593, and 594 were prepared from the appropriate acids in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 42.

Example 43 Preparation of N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-methyl-3-(methylthio)-N-(3-(methylthio)propanoyl)propanamide (Compound 407)

To a solution of N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-(methylthio)propanamide (0.216 g, 0.728 mmol) in DCE (2.91 ml) in a 10 mL vial was added 2-methyl-3-(methylthio)propanoyl chloride (0.244 g, 1.601 mmol). The vial was capped and placed in a Biotage Initiator microwave reactor for 3 hours at 100° C., with external IR-sensor temperature monitoring from the side of the vessel. The crude mixture was concentrated and purified using reverse phase C-18 column chromatography (0-100% acetonitrile/water) to yield the title compound as a pale yellow oil (67 mg, 22%): IR (thin film) 2916 and 1714 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.96-8.92 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.64-8.59 (dd, J=4.9, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.07-7.99 (m, 2H), 7.50-7.40 (dd, J=8.4, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.39-3.28 (m, 1H), 3.10-2.99 (td, J=7.2, 3.9 Hz, 2H), 2.96-2.86 (dd, J=13.2, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.86-2.79 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.58-2.48 (dd, J=13.1, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 2.14-2.12 (s, 3H), 2.09-2.06 (s, 3H), 1.30-1.26 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 413 ([M+H]⁺).

Compounds 383, 410, 433, 437, 451, 470, 530 and 531 were prepared in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 43.

Example 44 Preparation of N-[3-chloro-1-(3-pyridyl)pyrazol-4-yl]-2,2-dideuterio-N-ethyl-3-methylsulfanyl-propanamide (Compound 393)

To a 7 mL vial was added 3-chloro-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine (111 mg, 0.5 mmol), 2,2-dideuterio-3-methylsulfanyl-propanoic acid (58.0 mg, 0.475 mmol) and followed by DCM (Volume: 2 mL). The solution was stirred at 0° C. Then the solution of DCC (0.500 mL, 0.500 mmol, 1.0M in DCM) was added. The solution was allowed to warm up to 25° C. slowly and stirred at 25° C. overnight. White precipitate formed during the reaction. The crude reaction mixture was filtered through a cotton plug and purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% EtOAc/hexane) to give N-[3-chloro-1-(3-pyridyl)pyrazol-4-yl]-2,2-dideuterio-N-ethyl-3-methylsulfanyl-propanamide (97 mg, 0.297 mmol, 59.4% yield) as a colorless oil: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.96 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.63 (dd, J=4.6, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (ddd, J=8.4, 2.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.52-7.40 (m, 1H), 3.72 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.78 (s, 2H), 2.06 (s, 3H), 1.17 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 327 ([M+H]⁺); IR (Thin film) 1652 cm⁻¹.

Compounds 394, 396, and 471-473 were prepared from the corresponding intermediates and starting materials in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 44.

Example 45 Preparation of 1-ethyl-3-(3-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)urea (Compound 145)

To a solution of 3-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine (0.1 g, 0.574 mmol) in DCM (5.74 ml) was added ethyl isocyanate (0.041 g, 0.574 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 40 minutes. The reaction mixture had turned from a clear solution to a suspension with white solid material. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified using silica gel chromatography (0-20% MeOH/DCM) to yield the title compound as a white solid (0.135 g, 95%): mp 197-200° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.94 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.48-8.37 (m, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 7.94 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (br s, 1H), 7.41-7.25 (m, 1H), 5.79 (br s, 1H), 3.33-3.23 (m, 2H), 2.29 (d, J=2.9 Hz, 3H), 1.16 (dd, J=8.7, 5.7 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 246 ([M+H]⁺), 244 ([M−H]⁻).

Compounds 169-171, 221-222, 255-257, 278-280, 297-302, 318-322, 334, 345, 348, 375-377, 385-387, and 411-413 were prepared in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 45.

Example 46 Preparation of 3-butyl-1-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-ethylurea (Compound 500)

To a solution of 3-chloro-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine, 2HCl (0.130 g, 0.502 mmol) in DCE (1.25 ml) was added N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropane-2-amine (0.21 mL, 1.255 mmol) followed by 1-isocyanatobutane (0.109 g, 1.104 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified using silica gel chromatography (0-20% MeOH/DCM) to yield the title compound as a beige solid (0.131 g, 77%): IR (thin film) 3326, 2959, 2931, 1648 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.95 (s, 1H), 8.62 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.08-8.01 (m, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.46 (dd, J=8.3, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.42-4.32 (m, 1H), 3.74-3.61 (m, 2H), 3.27-3.15 (m, 2H), 1.49-1.37 (m, 2H), 1.37-1.22 (m, 2H), 1.19-1.12 (m, 3H), 0.94-0.84 (m, 3H); ESIMS m/z 322 ([M+H]⁺).

Compounds 479-480, 501-504, 513, 518 and 519 were prepared according to Example 46.

Example 47 Preparation of 1-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)imidazolidin-2-one (Compound 374)

To a solution of 1-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-(2-chloroethyl)urea (0.1 g, 0.333 mmol) in THF (6.66 ml) was added sodium hydride (8.00 mg, 0.333 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction was quenched by the addition of a solution of saturated ammonium chloride and the product was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The product was a beige solid which was pure and did not need any further purification (63 mg, 72%): mp 167-170° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.96 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.56 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.33 (s, 1H), 7.99 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (ddd, J=8.3, 4.8, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (s, 1H), 4.14-4.07 (m, 2H), 3.68-3.58 (m, 2H); ESIMS m/z 264 ([M+H]⁺).

Compound 349 was prepared in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 47.

Example 48 Preparation of S-tert-butyl (3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(ethyl)carbamothioate (Compound 514)

To a solution of 3-chloro-N-ethyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine, 2HCl (0.13 g, 0.502 mmol) in DCM (2.508 ml) was added N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine (0.257 ml, 1.505 mmol) followed by S-tert-butyl carbonochloridothioate (0.153 g, 1.003 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours. The reaction was quenched by the addition of saturated sodium bicarbonate. The organic layer was extracted with DCM. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, concentrated and purified using silica gel column chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the title compound as a white solid (132 mg, 78%): mp 91-93° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.96 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.60 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.08-8.03 (m, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.47-7.41 (m, 1H), 3.69 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.47 (s, 9H), 1.21-1.13 (m, 3H); ESIMS m/z 339 ([M+H]⁺).

Compounds 333, 338, 339, 346, 368 and 373 were prepared in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 48.

Example 49 Preparation of N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-2-methyl-3-(methio)propanethioamide (Compound 364)

To a microwave reaction vessel was added N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-2-methyl-3-(methio)propanamide (0.07 g, 0.22 mmol) in dichloroethane (1.87 mL) and Lawesson's reagent (0.05 g, 0.12 mmol). The vessel was capped and heated in a Biotage Initiator microwave reactor for 15 minutes at 130° C., with external IR-sensor temperature monitoring from the side of the vessel. The reaction was concentrated to dryness and the crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-80% acetonitrile/water) to give the desired product as a yellow oil (0.33 g, 44%): IR (thin film) 1436 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.97 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.77-8.52 (m, 1H), 8.11-7.89 (m, 2H), 7.60-7.38 (m, 1H), 4.62 (bs, 1H), 4.02 (bs, 1H), 3.21-2.46 (m, 3H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.35-1.15 (m, 6H); ESIMS m/z 355 ([M+H]⁺).

Compounds 372, 438 and 548 were prepared in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 49.

Example 50 Preparation of N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-(methylsulfinyl)butanamide (Compound 570)

To a 20 mL vial was added N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-(methylthio)butanamide (82 mg, 0.209 mmol) and hexafluoroisopropanol (1.5 mL). Hydrogen peroxide (0.054 mL, 0.626 mmol, 35% solution in water) was added in one portion and the solution was stirred at room temperature. After 3 hours the reaction was quenched with saturated sodium sulfite solution and extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, concentrated and purified by chromatography (0-10% MeOH/DCM) to give N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-(methylsulfinyl) butanamide (76 mg, 0.186 mmol, 89% yield) as white semi-solid: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.98 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.63 (td, J=4.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.14-8.01 (m, 2H), 7.46 (ddd, J=8.3, 4.8, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (dd, J=17.2, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.89-3.61 (m, 2H), 3.01 (dd, J=17.6, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 2.77 (s, 2H), 2.48 (dd, J=17.7, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 1.19 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H) (only one isomer shown); ESIMS m/z 409 ([M+H]⁺); IR (Thin film) 1652 cm⁻¹.

Compound 571 was prepared from the corresponding intermediates and starting materials in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 50.

Example 51 Preparation of N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-3-(methylsulfinyl)propanamide (Compound 362)

To N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-3-(methylthio)propanamide (0.08 g, 0.24 mmol) in glacial acetic acid (0.82 mL) was added sodium perborate tetrahydrate (0.05 g, 0.25 mmol), and the mixture was heated at 60° C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was carefully poured into a separatory funnel containing saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ resulting in gas evolution. When the gas evolution had ceased, ethyl acetate was added and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted twice with ethyl acetate, and all the organic layers were combined, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-10% methanol/dichloromethane) to give the desired product as a clear oil (0.03 g, 40%): IR (thin film) 1655 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.95 (t, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 8.63 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.20-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.59-7.33 (m, 1H), 3.73 (ddt, J=20.5, 13.4, 6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.23-3.06 (m, 1H), 2.94-2.81 (m, 1H), 2.74-2.62 (m, 2H), 2.59 (s, 3H), 1.25-1.07 (m, 3H); ESIMS m/z 341 ([M+H]⁺).

Compounds 101-102, 218, 328, 330, and 494 were prepared from the appropriate sulfides in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 51.

Example 52 Preparation of N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)propanamide (Compound 363)

To N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-ethyl-3-(methylthio)propanamide (0.08 g, 0.25 mmol) in glacial acetic acid (0.85 mL) was added sodium perborate tetrahydrate (0.11 g, 0.52 mmol), and the mixture was heated at 60° C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was carefully poured into a separatory funnel containing saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ resulting in gas evolution. When the gas evolution had ceased, ethyl acetate was added and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted twice with ethyl acetate, and all the organic layers were combined, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0 to 10% methanol/dichloromethane) to give the desired product as a clear oil (0.04, 47%): (thin film) 1661 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.95 (t, J=11.5 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (dd, J=4.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.17-7.96 (m, 2H), 7.59-7.39 (m, 1H), 3.73 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.44 (dd, J=22.5, 15.7 Hz, 2H), 2.96 (s, 3H), 2.71 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 1.18 (dd, J=8.8, 5.5 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 357 ([M+H]⁺).

Compounds 103, 104, 219, 329, 331 and 495 were prepared from the appropriate sulfides in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 52.

Example 53 Preparation of N-(3-methyl-1-(3-fluoropyridin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)N-ethyl-2-methyl-(3-oxido-λ⁴-sulfanylidenecyanamide)(methyl)propanamide (Compound 250)

To a solution of N-ethyl-N-(1-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-methyl-3-(methylthio)propanamide (0.30 g, 0.89 mmol) in dichloromethane (3.57 mL) at 0° C. was added cyanamide (0.07 g, 1.78 mmol) and iodobenzenediacetate (0.31 g, 0.98 mmol) and subsequently stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction was concentrated to dryness and the crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography (10% methanol/ethyl acetate) to give the desired sulfilamine as a light yellow solid (0.28 g, 85%). To a solution of 70% mCPBA (0.25 g, 1.13 mmol) in ethanol (4.19 mL) at 0° C. was added a solution of potassium carbonate (0.31 g, 2.26 mmol) in water (4.19 mL) and stirred for 20 minutes after which a solution of sulfilamine (0.28 g, 0.75 mmol) in ethanol (4.19 mL) was added in one portion. The reaction was stirred for 1 hour at 0° C. The excess mCPBA was quenched with 10% sodium thiosulfite and the reaction was concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-10% methanol/dichloromethane) to give the desired product as a clear oil (0.16 g, 56%): IR (thin film) 1649 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.80 (dd, J=43.8, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 8.51-8.36 (m, 1H), 8.11 (d, J=38.7 Hz, 1H), 7.96-7.77 (m, 1H), 4.32-3.92 (m, 2H), 3.49-3.11 (m, 6H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.27-1.05 (m, 6H); ESIMS m/z 393 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 54 Preparation of N-ethyl-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-methoxy-N-(3-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)butanamide (Compound 276)

To a solution of N-ethyl-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-hydroxy-N-(3-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)butanamide (184 mg, 0.448 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) stiffing at 0° C. was added sodium hydride (26.9 mg, 0.673 mmol). The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 hour. Then iodomethane (0.034 mL, 0.538 mmol) was added and ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. overnight. Reaction was worked up by slow addition of water and further diluted with 20 mL of water, then extracted with 4×20 mL of EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with water, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Silica Gel chromatography (0-100% EtOAc/hexane) gave N-ethyl-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-methoxy-N-(3-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)butanamide (52 mg, 0.123 mmol, 27.3% yield) as a white solid: mp=83-86° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.94 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.59 (dd, J=4.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (s, 1H), 7.44 (ddd, J=8.3, 4.8, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (brs, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.39 (brs, 1H), 2.86 (s, 2H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 1.16 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 425 ([M+H]⁺); IR (Thin film) 1664 cm⁻¹.

Compound 327 was prepared from the corresponding intermediates and starting materials in accordance with the procedures disclosed in Example 54.

Example 55 Step 1: Preparation of N-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)-N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-methyl-3-(methylthio)propanamide

A solution of N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-methyl-3-(methylthio)propanamide (0.150 g, 0.483 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (2.413 ml) was cooled to 0° C. Sodium hydride (0.039 g, 0.965 mmol, 60% dispersion) was added at and the reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes. (2-Bromoethoxy)(tert-butyl)dimethylsilane (0.231 g, 0.965 mmol) was added, the ice bath was removed, and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction was heated at 65° C. for 1.5 hours and then cooled to room temperature. Brine was added and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic phases were concentrated and chromatographed (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give N-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)-N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-methyl-3-(methylthio)propanamide (0.120 g, 0.243 mmol, 50.4%) as an orange oil: IR (thin film) 1669 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.88 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.55 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.98 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (ddd, J=8.4, 4.8, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 4.35-3.06 (m, 4H), 2.86-2.73 (m, 1H), 2.73-2.59 (m, 1H), 2.41 (dd, J=12.8, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 1.94 (s, 3H), 1.11 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.80 (s, 9H), 0.00 (s, 3H), −0.01 (s, 3H); ESIMS m/z 470 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 55 Step 2: Preparation of N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-3-(methylthio)propanamide (Compound 535)

To a solution of N-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)-N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-methyl-3-(methylthio)propanamide (0.180 g, 0.384 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1.54 ml) was added tetrabutylammonium fluoride (0.201 g, 0.767 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Brine was added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were concentrated and chromatographed (0-100% water/acetonitrile) to give N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-3-(methylthio)propanamide as a white oil (0.081 g, 0.217 mmol, 56.5%): IR (thin film) 3423, 1654 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.00 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (dd, J=4.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.25 (s, 1H), 8.07 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.4, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (dd, J=8.3, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.47-3.70 (m, 3H), 3.65-3.09 (m, 2H), 2.91-2.68 (m, 2H), 2.48 (dd, J=12.4, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.18 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 356 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 56 Preparation of 2-(N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-methyl-3-(methylthio)propanamido)ethyl acetate (Compound 547)

To a solution of N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-3-(methylthio)propanamide (0.045 g, 0.127 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.27 ml) was added N,N-dimethylpyridin-4-amine (0.023 g, 0.190 mmol) and triethylamine (0.019 g, 0.190 mmol) followed by acetyl chloride (0.015 g, 0.190 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. Water was added and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic phases were concentrated and chromatographed (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give 2-(N-(3-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-methyl-3-(methylthio)propanamido)ethyl acetate as a yellow oil (0.015 g, 0.034 mmol, 26.8%): IR (thin film) 1739, 1669 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.97 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (dd, J=4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 8.04 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (ddd, J=8.3, 4.8, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 4.50-3.40 (m, 4H), 2.84 (dd, J=12.7, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 2.78-2.63 (m, 1H), 2.46 (dd, J=12.7, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.16 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/z 398 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 57 Preparation of 2,2-dideuterio-3-methylsulfanyl-propanoic acid

To a 100 mL round bottom flask was added 3-(methylthio)propanoic acid (3 g, 24.96 mmol), followed by D₂O (23 mL) and KOD (8.53 mL, 100 mmol) (40% wt solution in D₂O), the solution was heated to reflux overnight. NMR showed ca. 95% D at alpha-position. The reaction was cooled down and quenched with concentrated HCl until pH<2. White precipitate appeared in aqueous layer upon acidifying. Reaction mixture was extracted with 3×50 mL EtOAc, the combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated in vacuo to almost dryness. 100 mL hexane was added and the solution was concentrated again to give 2,2-dideuterio-3-methylsulfanyl-propanoic acid as a colorless oil (2.539 g, 20.78 mmol, 83%): IR (Thin film) 3430, 1704 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.76 (s, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 178.28, 38.14-28.55 (m), 28.55, 15.51; EIMS m/z 122.

2-Deuterio-2-methyl-3-methylsulfanyl-propanoic acid was prepared as described in Example 57 to afford a colorless oil (3.62 g, 26.8 mmol, 60.9%): IR (Thin film) 2975, 1701 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 11.39-10.41 (brs, 1H), 2.88-2.79 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 1H), 2.61-2.53 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 1H), 2.16-2.09 (s, 3H), 1.32-1.25 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 181.74, 39.74-39.02 (m), 37.16, 16.50, 16.03; EIMS m/z 135.

Example 58 Preparation of 2-methyl-3-(trideuteriomethylsulfanyl)propanoic acid

To a 50 mL round bottom flask was added 3-mercapto-2-methylpropanoic acid (5 g, 41.6 mmol), followed by MeOH (15 mL), the solution was stirred at 25° C. Potassium hydroxide (5.14 g, 92 mmol) was added slowly as the reaction is exothermic. Iodomethane-d₃ (6.63 g, 45.8 mmol) was added slowly and then the reaction mixture was heated at 65° C. overnight. The reaction was worked up by addition of 2 N HCl until the mixture was acidic. It was then extracted with EtOAc (4×50 mL) and the combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated and purified with flash chromatography, eluted with 0-80% EtOAc/hexane to give 2-methyl-3-(trideuteriomethylsulfanyl)propanoic acid (4.534 g, 33.0 mmol, 79%) as colorless oil: IR (Thin film) 3446, 1704 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.84 (dd, J=13.0, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.80-2.66 (m, 1H), 2.57 (dd, J=13.0, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 1.30 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H); EIMS m/z 137.

Example 59 Preparation of 2-hydroxy-3-(methylthio)propanoic acid

Sodium methanethiolate (4.50 g, 64.2 mmol) was added at 25° C. to a solution of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropanoic acid (2 g, 16.06 mmol) in MeOH (120 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 8 hours, then cooled to 25° C. The precipitate was removed by filtration and the filtrate was evaporated. The residue was acidified to pH 2 with 2 N HCl, extracted with EtOAc (3×30 mL), combined organic layers were dried with Na₂SO₄, concentrated to give 2-hydroxy-3-(methylthio)propanoic acid as a white solid, (1.898 g, 13.94 mmol, 87% yield): mp 55-59° C.; IR (Thin film) 2927, 1698 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.33 (s, 3H), 4.48 (dd, J=6.3, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.02 (dd, J=14.2, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (dd, J=14.2, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 2.20 (s, 3H); EIMS m/z 136.

Example 60 Preparation of 2-methoxy-3-(methylthio)propanoic acid

To a stirred solution of sodium hydride (0.176 g, 4.41 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added a solution of 2-hydroxy-3-(methylthio)propanoic acid (0.25 g, 1.836 mmol) in 1 mL DMF at 25° C. and stirred for 10 min Vigorous bubbling was observed upon addition of NaH. Then iodomethane (0.126 mL, 2.020 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred at 25° C. overnight. The reaction was quenched by addition of 2 N HCl, extracted with 3×10 mL of EtOAc, the combined organic layers were washed with water (2×20 mL), concentrated and purified by column chromatography, eluted with 0-100% EtOAc/hexane, gave 2-methoxy-3-(methylthio)propanoic acid (126 mg, 0.839 mmol, 45.7% yield) as colorless oil: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.10 (s, 1H), 4.03 (dd, J=6.9, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.51 (s, 3H), 2.98-2.93 (m, 1H), 2.86 (dd, J=14.1, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.21 (s, 3H); EIMS m/z 150.

Example 61 Preparation of 2-(acetylthiomethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoropropanoic acid

To a 50 mL round bottom flask was added 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid (6 g, 42.8 mmol), followed by thioacetic acid (4.59 ml, 64.3 mmol). The reaction was slightly exothermic. The mixture was then stirred at 25° C. overnight. NMR showed some starting material (˜30%). One more equiv of thioacetic acid was added and the mixture was heated at 95° C. for 1 hour, then allowed to cool to room temperature. Mixture was purified by vacuum distillation at 2.1-mm Hg, fraction distilled at 80-85° C. was mostly thioacetic acid, fraction distilled at 100-110° C. was almost pure product, contaminated by a nonpolar impurity (by TLC). It was again purified by flash chromatography (0-20% MeOH/DCM), to give 2-(acetylthiomethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoropropanoic acid (7.78 g, 36.0 mmol, 84% yield) as colorless oil, which solidified under high vacuum to give a white solid: mp 28-30° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.52 (brs, 1H), 3.44 (dt, J=7.5, 3.5 Hz, 2H), 3.20 (dd, J=14.9, 11.1 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 194.79, 171.14, 123.44 (q, J=281.6 Hz), 50.47 (q, J=27.9 Hz), 30.44, 24.69 (q, J=2.6 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −67.82.

Example 62 Preparation of 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(methylthiomethyl)propanoic acid

To a solution of 2-(acetylthiomethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoropropanoic acid (649 mg, 3 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) stirring at 25° C. was added pellets of potassium hydroxide (421 mg, 7.50 mmol) in four portions over 5 minutes. Reaction was exothermic. Then MeI was added in once, the reaction mixture was then heated at 65° C. for 18 hours. The reaction was then cooled down and quenched with 2N HCl until acidic, and the aqueous layer extracted with chloroform (4×20 mL). Combined organic layer was dried, concentrated in vacuo, purified with flash chromatography (0-20% MeOH/DCM), to give 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(methylthiomethyl)propanoic acid (410 mg, 2.179 mmol, 72.6% yield) as a light yellow oil: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.95 (s, 1H), 3.49-3.37 (m, 1H), 3.02 (dd, J=13.8, 10.8 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (dd, J=13.8, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.18 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.04 (q, J=2.8 Hz), 123.55 (q, J=281.2 Hz), 50.89 (q, J=27.5 Hz), 29.62 (q, J=2.3 Hz), 15.85; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −67.98.

Example 63 Preparation of 3-(methylthio)pentanoic acid

S,S-dimethyl carbonodithioate (1.467 g, 12.00 mmol) was added with vigorous stiffing to a solution of (E)-pent-2-enoic acid (2.002 g, 20 mmol) in 30% KOH solution (prepared from potassium hydroxide (3.87 g, 69 mmol) and Water (10 mL)). The reaction mixture was slowly heated to 90° C. over a period of 20-30 min Heating was continued for 3 hours before the reaction was cooled down to 25° C. and quenched slowly with HCl. The mixture was then extracted with DCM (3×30 mL), combined organic layer dried and concentrated to give 3-(methylthio)pentanoic acid (2.7 g, 18.22 mmol, 91% yield) as light orange oil: IR (Thin film) 2975, 1701 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.92 (qd, J=7.3, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.63 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.75-1.51 (m, 2H), 1.03 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 178.14, 43.95, 39.78, 27.04, 12.95, 11.29; EIMS m/z 148.

4-methyl-3-(methylthio)pentanoic acid was prepared as described in Example 63 and isolated as a colorless oil: IR (Thin film) 2960, 1704 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.88 (ddd, J=9.1, 5.4, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 2.68 (dd, J=16.0, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 2.55 (dd, J=16.0, 9.1 Hz, 1H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 2.01-1.90 (m, 1H), 1.03 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.99 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H); EIMS m/z 162.

Example 64 Preparation of ethyl 1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate

A 1M solution of lithium aluminum tri-tert-butoxyhydride in tetrahydrofuran (70.90 mL, 70.90 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of diethyl cyclopropane-1,1′-dicarboxylate (6 g, 32.20 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (129 mL) at 23° C. The resulting solution was heated to 65° C. and stirred for 24 h. The cooled reaction mixture was diluted with a 10% solution of sodium bisulfate (275 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated to dryness to give the desired product as a pale yellow oil (4.60, 91%): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.16 (q, J=7 Hz, 2H), 3.62 (s, 2H), 2.60 (br s, 1H), 1.22-1.30 (m, 5H), 0.87 (dd, J=7, 4 Hz, 2H).

Example 65 Preparation of ethyl 1-((methylsulfonyloxy)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate

Triethylamine (5.57 mL, 40.00 mmol) and methanesulfonyl chloride (2.85 mL, 36.60 mmol) were sequentially added to a stirred solution of ethyl 1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate (4.80 g, 33.30 mmol) in dichloromethane (83 mL) at 23° C. The resulting bright yellow solution was stirred at 23° C. for 20 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated to dryness to give the desired product as a brown oil (6.92 g, 94%): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.33 (s, 2H), 4.16 (q, J=7 Hz, 2H), 3.08 (s, 3H), 1.43 (dd, J=7, 4 Hz, 2H), 1.26 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H), 1.04 (dd, J=7, 4 Hz, 2H).

Example 66 Preparation of ethyl 1-(methylthiomethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate

Sodium methanethiolate (4.36 g, 62.30 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of ethyl 1-((methylsulfonyloxy)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate (6.92 g, 31.10 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (62.30 mL) at 23° C. The resulting brown suspension was stirred at 23° C. for 18 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with diethyl ether. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to afford the title compound as a brown oil (5.43 g, 100%): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.14 (q, J=7 Hz, 2H), 2.83 (s, 2H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 1.31 (dd, J=7, 4 Hz, 2H), 1.25 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H), 0.89 (dd, J=7, 4 Hz, 2H).

Example 67 Preparation of 1-(methylthiomethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid

A 50% solution of sodium hydroxide (12.63 mL, 243 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of ethyl 1-(methylthiomethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate (5.43 g, 31.20 mmol) in absolute ethanol (62.30 mL) at 23° C. The resulting solution was stirred at 23° C. for 20 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with a 0.5 M solution of sodium hydroxide and washed with dichloromethane. The aqueous layer was acidified to pH≈1 with concentrated hydrochloric acid and extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated and concentrated to dryness to give the desired product as a light brown oil (2.10 g, 46%): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.82 (s, 2H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 1.41 (dd, J=7, 4 Hz, 2H), 0.99 (dd, J=7, 4 Hz, 2H).

Example 68 Preparation of 2,2-dimethyl-3-(methylthio)propanoic acid

2,2-Dimethyl-3-(methylthio)propanoic acid can be prepared as demonstrated in the literature (reference Musker, W. K.; et al. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 51, 1026-1029). Sodium methanethiolate (1.0 g, 14 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was added to a stirred solution of 3-chloro-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid (1.0 g, 7.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in N,N-dimethylformamide (3.7 mL) at 0° C. The resulting brown suspension was allowed to warm to 23° C. and stirred for 24 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate (300 mL) and washed with diethyl ether (3×75 mL). The aqueous layer was acidified to pH≈1 with concentrated hydrochloric acid and extracted with diethyl ether (3×75 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (sodium sulfate), gravity filtered, and concentrated to afford a colorless oil (1.2 g, 99% crude yield). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.76 (s, 2H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 1.30 (s, 6H).

Example 69 Preparation of 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-(methylthio)butanoic acid

To a 100 mL round bottom flask was added (E)-4,4,4-trifluorobut-2-enoic acid (8 g, 57.1 mmol) and Methanol (24 mL), the solution was stirred in a water bath, then sodium methanethiolate (10.01 g, 143 mmol) was added in three portions. Vigorous bubbling was observed, the mixture was stirred at 25° C. overnight, NMR showed no more starting material. To the reaction mixture was added 2 N HCl until acidic. The mixture was extracted with chloroform (5×50 mL), combined organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated in vacuo and further dried under high vacuum until there was no weight loss to give 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-(methylthio)butanoic acid (10.68 g, 56.8 mmol, 99% yield) as a colorless oil: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.88 (s, 1H), 3.53 (dqd, J=10.5, 8.3, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.96 (dd, J=16.9, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.65 (dd, J=16.9, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 175.78 (s), 126.61 (q, J_(c-F)=278.8 Hz), 44.99 (q, J_(C-F)=30.3 Hz), 34.12 (d, J_(C-F)=1.7 Hz), 15.95 (s); EIMS m/z 162.

Example 70 Preparation of 3-methyl-3-methylsulfanyl-butyric acid

3-methyl-3-methylsulfanyl-butyric acid was made using the procedures disclosed in J. Chem Soc Perkin 1, 1992, 10, 1215-21).

Example 71 Preparation of 3-methylsulfanyl-butyric acid

3-Methylsulfanyl-butyric acid was made using the procedures disclosed in Synthetic Comm., 1985, 15 (7), 623-32.

Example 72 Preparation of tetrahydro-thiophene-3-carboxylic acid

Tetrahydro-thiophene-3-carboxylic acid was made using the procedures disclosed in Heterocycles, 2007, 74, 397-409.

Example 73 Preparation of 2-methyl-3-methylsulfanyl-butyric acid

2-Methyl-3-methylsulfanyl-butyric acid was made as described in J. Chem Soc Perkin 1, 1992, 10, 1215-21.

Example 74 Preparation of (1S,2S)-2-(methylthio)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid

(1S,2S)-2-(Methylthio)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid was made using the procedures disclosed in Synthetic Comm., 2003, 33 (5); 801-807.

Example 75 Preparation of 2-(2-(methylthio)ethoxy)propanoic acid

2-(2-(Methylthio)ethoxy)propanoic acid was made as described in WO 2007/064316 A1.

Example 76 Preparation of 2-((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy)propanoic acid

2-((Tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy)propanoic acid was made as described in WO 2007/064316 A1.

Example 77 Bioassays on Green Peach Aphid (“GPA”) (Myzus persicae) (MYZUPE)

GPA is the most significant aphid pest of peach trees, causing decreased growth, shriveling of the leaves, and the death of various tissues. It is also hazardous because it acts as a vector for the transport of plant viruses, such as potato virus Y and potato leafroll virus to members of the nightshade/potato family Solanaceae, and various mosaic viruses to many other food crops. GPA attacks such plants as broccoli, burdock, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, daikon, eggplant, green beans, lettuce, macadamia, papaya, peppers, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, watercress, and zucchini, among other plants. GPA also attacks many ornamental crops such as carnation, chrysanthemum, flowering white cabbage, poinsettia, and roses. GPA has developed resistance to many pesticides.

Certain molecules disclosed in this document were tested against GPA using procedures described in the following example. In the reporting of the results, “Table 3: GPA (MYZUPE) and sweetpotato whitefly-crawler (BEMITA) Rating Table” was used (See Table Section).

Cabbage seedlings grown in 3-inch pots, with 2-3 small (3-5 cm) true leaves, were used as test substrate. The seedlings were infested with 20-50 GPA (wingless adult and nymph stages) one day prior to chemical application. Four pots with individual seedlings were used for each treatment. Test compounds (2 mg) were dissolved in 2 mL of acetone/methanol (1:1) solvent, forming stock solutions of 1000 ppm test compound. The stock solutions were diluted 5× with 0.025% Tween 20 in H₂O to obtain the solution at 200 ppm test compound. A hand-held aspirator-type sprayer was used for spraying a solution to both sides of cabbage leaves until runoff. Reference plants (solvent check) were sprayed with the diluent only containing 20% by volume of acetone/methanol (1:1) solvent. Treated plants were held in a holding room for three days at approximately 25° C. and ambient relative humidity (RH) prior to grading. Evaluation was conducted by counting the number of live aphids per plant under a microscope. Percent Control was measured by using Abbott's correction formula (W. S. Abbott, “A Method of Computing the Effectiveness of an Insecticide” J. Econ. Entomol. 18 (1925), pp. 265-267) as follows.

Corrected % Control=100*(X−Y)/X

-   -   where     -   X=No. of live aphids on solvent check plants and     -   Y=No. of live aphids on treated plants

The results are indicated in the table entitled “Table 4. Biological Data for GPA (MYZUPE) and sweetpotato whitefly-crawler (BEMITA)” (See Table Section).

Example 78 Insecticidal Test for Sweetpotato Whitefly-Crawler (Bemisia tabaci) (BEMITA) in Foliar Spray Assay

Cotton plants grown in 3-inch pots, with 1 small (3-5 cm) true leaf, were used as test substrate. The plants were placed in a room with whitefly adults. Adults were allowed to deposit eggs for 2-3 days. After a 2-3 day egg-laying period, plants were taken from the adult whitefly room. Adults were blown off leaves using a hand-held Devilbiss sprayer (23 psi). Plants with egg infestation (100-300 eggs per plant) were placed in a holding room for 5-6 days at 82° F. and 50% RH for egg hatch and crawler stage to develop. Four cotton plants were used for each treatment. Compounds (2 mg) were dissolved in 1 mL of acetone solvent, forming stock solutions of 2000 ppm. The stock solutions were diluted 10× with 0.025% Tween 20 in H₂O to obtain a test solution at 200 ppm. A hand-held Devilbiss sprayer was used for spraying a solution to both sides of cotton leaf until runoff. Reference plants (solvent check) were sprayed with the diluent only. Treated plants were held in a holding room for 8-9 days at approximately 82° F. and 50% RH prior to grading. Evaluation was conducted by counting the number of live nymphs per plant under a microscope. Insecticidal activity was measured by using Abbott's correction formula and presented in “Table 4. Biological Data for GPA (MYZUPE) and sweetpotato whitefly-crawler (BEMITA)” (see column “BEMITA”):

Corrected % Control=100*(X−Y)/X

-   -   where X=No. of live nymphs on solvent check plants         -   Y=No. of live nymphs on treated plants

Pesticidally Acceptable Acid Addition Salts, Salt Derivatives, Solvates, Ester Derivatives, Polymorphs, Isotopes and Radionuclides

Molecules of Formula One may be formulated into pesticidally acceptable acid addition salts. By way of a non-limiting example, an amine function can form salts with hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic, benzoic, citric, malonic, salicylic, malic, fumaric, oxalic, succinic, tartaric, lactic, gluconic, ascorbic, maleic, aspartic, benzenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, hydroxymethanesulfonic, and hydroxyethanesulfonic acids. Additionally, by way of a non-limiting example, an acid function can form salts including those derived from alkali or alkaline earth metals and those derived from ammonia and amines. Examples of preferred cations include sodium, potassium, and magnesium.

Molecules of Formula One may be formulated into salt derivatives. By way of a non-limiting example, a salt derivative can be prepared by contacting a free base with a sufficient amount of the desired acid to produce a salt. A free base may be regenerated by treating the salt with a suitable dilute aqueous base solution such as dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium carbonate, ammonia, and sodium bicarbonate. As an example, in many cases, a pesticide, such as 2,4-D, is made more water-soluble by converting it to its dimethylamine salt.

Molecules of Formula One may be formulated into stable complexes with a solvent, such that the complex remains intact after the non-complexed solvent is removed. These complexes are often referred to as “solvates.” However, it is particularly desirable to form stable hydrates with water as the solvent.

Molecules of Formula One may be made into ester derivatives. These ester derivatives can then be applied in the same manner as the invention disclosed in this document is applied.

Molecules of Formula One may be made as various crystal polymorphs. Polymorphism is important in the development of agrochemicals since different crystal polymorphs or structures of the same molecule can have vastly different physical properties and biological performances.

Molecules of Formula One may be made with different isotopes. Of particular importance are molecules having ²H (also known as deuterium) in place of ¹H.

Molecules of Formula One may be made with different radionuclides. Of particular importance are molecules having ¹⁴C.

Stereoisomers

Molecules of Formula One may exist as one or more stereoisomers. Thus, certain molecules can be produced as racemic mixtures. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that one stereoisomer may be more active than the other stereoisomers. Individual stereoisomers may be obtained by known selective synthetic procedures, by conventional synthetic procedures using resolved starting materials, or by conventional resolution procedures. Certain molecules disclosed in this document can exist as two or more isomers. The various isomers include geometric isomers, diastereomers, and enantiomers. Thus, the molecules disclosed in this document include geometric isomers, racemic mixtures, individual stereoisomers, and optically active mixtures. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that one isomer may be more active than the others. The structures disclosed in the present disclosure are drawn in only one geometric form for clarity, but are intended to represent all geometric forms of the molecule.

Combinations

Molecules of Formula One may also be used in combination (such as, in a compositional mixture, or a simultaneous or sequential application) with one or more compounds having acaricidal, algicidal, avicidal, bactericidal, fungicidal, herbicidal, insecticidal, molluscicidal, nematicidal, rodenticidal, or virucidal properties. Additionally, the molecules of Formula One may also be used in combination (such as, in a compositional mixture, or a simultaneous or sequential application) with compounds that are antifeedants, bird repellents, chemosterilants, herbicide safeners, insect attractants, insect repellents, mammal repellents, mating disrupters, plant activators, plant growth regulators, or synergists. Examples of such compounds in the above groups that may be used with the Molecules of Formula One are—(3-ethoxypropyl)mercury bromide, 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,3-dichloropropene, 1-methylcyclopropene, 1-naphthol, 2-(octylthio)ethanol, 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid, 2,3,6-TBA, 2,3,6-TBA-dimethylammonium, 2,3,6-TBA-lithium, 2,3,6-TBA-potassium, 2,3,6-TBA-sodium, 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-T-2-butoxypropyl, 2,4,5-T-2-ethylhexyl, 2,4,5-T-3-butoxypropyl, 2,4,5-TB, 2,4,5-T-butomethyl, 2,4,5-T-butotyl, 2,4,5-T-butyl, 2,4,5-T-isobutyl, 2,4,5-T-isoctyl, 2,4,5-T-isopropyl, 2,4,5-T-methyl, 2,4,5-T-pentyl, 2,4,5-T-sodium, 2,4,5-T-triethylammonium, 2,4,5-T-trolamine, 2,4-D, 2,4-D-2-butoxypropyl, 2,4-D-2-ethylhexyl, 2,4-D-3-butoxypropyl, 2,4-D-ammonium, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DB-butyl, 2,4-DB-dimethylammonium, 2,4-DB-isoctyl, 2,4-DB-potassium, 2,4-DB-sodium, 2,4-D-butotyl, 2,4-D-butyl, 2,4-D-diethylammonium, 2,4-D-dimethylammonium, 2,4-D-diolamine, 2,4-D-dodecylammonium, 2,4-DEB, 2,4-DEP, 2,4-D-ethyl, 2,4-D-heptylammonium, 2,4-D-isobutyl, 2,4-D-isoctyl, 2,4-D-isopropyl, 2,4-D-isopropylammonium, 2,4-D-lithium, 2,4-D-meptyl, 2,4-D-methyl, 2,4-D-octyl, 2,4-D-pentyl, 2,4-D-potassium, 2,4-D-propyl, 2,4-D-sodium, 2,4-D-tefuryl, 2,4-D-tetradecylammonium, 2,4-D-triethylammonium, 2,4-D-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium, 2,4-D-trolamine, 21P, 2-methoxyethylmercury chloride, 2-phenylphenol, 3,4-DA, 3,4-DB, 3,4-DP, 4-aminopyridine, 4-CPA, 4-CPA-potassium, 4-CPA-sodium, 4-CPB, 4-CPP, 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol, 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate, 8-phenylmercurioxyquinoline, abamectin, abscisic acid, ACC, acephate, acequinocyl, acetamiprid, acethion, acetochlor, acetophos, acetoprole, acibenzolar, acibenzolar-5-methyl, acifluorfen, acifluorfen-methyl, acifluorfen-sodium, aclonifen, acrep, acrinathrin, acrolein, acrylonitrile, acypetacs, acypetacs-copper, acypetacs-zinc, alachlor, alanycarb, albendazole, aldicarb, aldimorph, aldoxycarb, aldrin, allethrin, allicin, allidochlor, allosamidin, alloxydim, alloxydim-sodium, allyl alcohol, allyxycarb, alorac, alpha-cypermethrin, alpha-endosulfan, ametoctradin, ametridione, ametryn, amibuzin, amicarbazone, amicarthiazol, amidithion, amidoflumet, amidosulfuron, aminocarb, aminocyclopyrachlor, aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl, aminocyclopyrachlor-potassium, aminopyralid, aminopyralid-potassium, aminopyralid-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium, amiprofos-methyl, amiprophos, amisulbrom, amiton, amiton oxalate, amitraz, amitrole, ammonium sulfamate, ammonium a-naphthaleneacetate, amobam, ampropylfos, anabasine, ancymidol, anilazine, anilofos, anisuron, anthraquinone, antu, apholate, aramite, arsenous oxide, asomate, aspirin, asulam, asulam-potassium, asulam-sodium, athidathion, atraton, atrazine, aureofungin, aviglycine, aviglycine hydrochloride, azaconazole, azadirachtin, azafenidin, azamethiphos, azimsulfuron, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, aziprotryne, azithiram, azobenzene, azocyclotin, azothoate, azoxystrobin, bachmedesh, barban, barium hexafluorosilicate, barium polysulfide, barthrin, BCPC, beflubutamid, benalaxyl, benalaxyl-M, benazolin, benazolin-dimethylammonium, benazolin-ethyl, benazolin-potassium, bencarbazone, benclothiaz, bendiocarb, benfluralin, benfuracarb, benfuresate, benodanil, benomyl, benoxacor, benoxafos, benquinox, bensulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, bensulide, bensultap, bentaluron, bentazone, bentazone-sodium, benthiavalicarb, benthiavalicarb-isopropyl, benthiazole, bentranil, benzadox, benzadox-ammonium, benzalkonium chloride, benzamacril, benzamacril-isobutyl, benzamorf, benzfendizone, benzipram, benzobicyclon, benzofenap, benzofluor, benzohydroxamic acid, benzoximate, benzoylprop, benzoylprop-ethyl, benzthiazuron, benzyl benzoate, benzyladenine, berberine, berberine chloride, beta-cyfluthrin, beta-cypermethrin, bethoxazin, bicyclopyrone, bifenazate, bifenox, bifenthrin, bifujunzhi, bilanafos, bilanafos-sodium, binapacryl, bingqingxiao, bioallethrin, bioethanomethrin, biopermethrin, bioresmethrin, biphenyl, bisazir, bismerthiazol, bispyribac, bispyribac-sodium, bistrifluoron, bitertanol, bithionol, bixafen, blasticidin-S, borax, Bordeaux mixture, boric acid, boscalid, brassinolide, brassinolide-ethyl, brevicomin, brodifacoum, brofenvalerate, brofluthrinate, bromacil, bromacil-lithium, bromacil-sodium, bromadiolone, bromethalin, bromethrin, bromfenvinfos, bromoacetamide, bromobonil, bromobutide, bromocyclen, bromo-DDT, bromofenoxim, bromophos, bromophos-ethyl, bromopropylate, bromothalonil, bromoxynil, bromoxynil butyrate, bromoxynil heptanoate, bromoxynil octanoate, bromoxynil-potassium, brompyrazon, bromuconazole, bronopol, bucarpolate, bufencarb, buminafos, bupirimate, buprofezin, Burgundy mixture, busulfan, butacarb, butachlor, butafenacil, butamifos, butathiofos, butenachlor, butethrin, buthidazole, buthiobate, buthiuron, butocarboxim, butonate, butopyronoxyl, butoxycarboxim, butralin, butroxydim, buturon, butylamine, butylate, cacodylic acid, cadusafos, cafenstrole, calcium arsenate, calcium chlorate, calcium cyanamide, calcium polysulfide, calvinphos, cambendichlor, camphechlor, camphor, captafol, captan, carbamorph, carbanolate, carbaryl, carbasulam, carbendazim, carbendazim benzenesulfonate, carbendazim sulfite, carbetamide, carbofuran, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, carbophenothion, carbosulfan, carboxazole, carboxide, carboxin, carfentrazone, carfentrazone-ethyl, carpropamid, cartap, cartap hydrochloride, carvacrol, carvone, CDEA, cellocidin, CEPC, ceralure, Cheshunt mixture, chinomethionat, chitosan, chlobenthiazone, chlomethoxyfen, chloralose, chloramben, chloramben-ammonium, chloramben-diolamine, chloramben-methyl, chloramben-methylammonium, chloramben-sodium, chloramine phosphorus, chloramphenicol, chloraniformethan, chloranil, chloranocryl, chlorantraniliprole, chlorazifop, chlorazifop-propargyl, chlorazine, chlorbenside, chlorbenzuron, chlorbicyclen, chlorbromuron, chlorbufam, chlordane, chlordecone, chlordimeform, chlordimeform hydrochloride, chlorempenthrin, chlorethoxyfos, chloreturon, chlorfenac, chlorfenac-ammonium, chlorfenac-sodium, chlorfenapyr, chlorfenazole, chlorfenethol, chlorfenprop, chlorfenson, chlorfensulphide, chlorfenvinphos, chlorfluazuron, chlorflurazole, chlorfluren, chlorfluren-methyl, chlorflurenol, chlorflurenol-methyl, chloridazon, chlorimuron, chlorimuron-ethyl, chlormephos, chlormequat, chlormequat chloride, chlornidine, chlornitrofen, chlorobenzilate, chlorodinitronaphthalenes, chloroform, chloromebuform, chloromethiuron, chloroneb, chlorophacinone, chlorophacinone-sodium, chloropicrin, chloropon, chloropropylate, chlorothalonil, chlorotoluron, chloroxuron, chloroxynil, chlorphonium, chlorphonium chloride, chlorphoxim, chlorprazophos, chlorprocarb, chlorpropham, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorquinox, chlorsulfuron, chlorthal, chlorthal-dimethyl, chlorthal-monomethyl, chlorthiamid, chlorthiophos, chlozolinate, choline chloride, chromafenozide, cinerin I, cinerin II, cinerins, cinidon-ethyl, cinmethylin, cinosulfuron, ciobutide, cisanilide, cismethrin, clethodim, climbazole, cliodinate, clodinafop, clodinafop-propargyl, cloethocarb, clofencet, clofencet-potassium, clofentezine, clofibric acid, clofop, clofop-isobutyl, clomazone, clomeprop, cloprop, cloproxydim, clopyralid, clopyralid-methyl, clopyralid-olamine, clopyralid-potassium, clopyralid-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium, cloquintocet, cloquintocet-mexyl, cloransulam, cloransulam-methyl, closantel, clothianidin, clotrimazole, cloxyfonac, cloxyfonac-sodium, CMA, codlelure, colophonate, copper acetate, copper acetoarsenite, copper arsenate, copper carbonate, basic, copper hydroxide, copper naphthenate, copper oleate, copper oxychloride, copper silicate, copper sulfate, copper zinc chromate, coumachlor, coumafuryl, coumaphos, coumatetralyl, coumithoate, coumoxystrobin, CPMC, CPMF, CPPC, credazine, cresol, crimidine, crotamiton, crotoxyphos, crufomate, cryolite, cue-lure, cufraneb, cumyluron, cuprobam, cuprous oxide, curcumenol, cyanamide, cyanatryn, cyanazine, cyanofenphos, cyanophos, cyanthoate, cyantraniliprole, cyazofamid, cybutryne, cyclafuramid, cyclanilide, cyclethrin, cycloate, cycloheximide, cycloprate, cycloprothrin, cyclosulfamuron, cycloxydim, cycluron, cyenopyrafen, cyflufenamid, cyflumetofen, cyfluthrin, cyhalofop, cyhalofop-butyl, cyhalothrin, cyhexatin, cymiazole, cymiazole hydrochloride, cymoxanil, cyometrinil, cypendazole, cypermethrin, cyperquat, cyperquat chloride, cyphenothrin, cyprazine, cyprazole, cyproconazole, cyprodinil, cyprofuram, cypromid, cyprosulfamide, cyromazine, cythioate, daimuron, dalapon, dalapon-calcium, dalapon-magnesium, dalapon-sodium, daminozide, dayoutong, dazomet, dazomet-sodium, DBCP, d-camphor, DCIP, DCPTA, DDT, debacarb, decafentin, decarbofuran, dehydroacetic acid, delachlor, deltamethrin, demephion, demephion-O, demephion-S, demeton, demeton-methyl, demeton-O, demeton-β-methyl, demeton-S, demeton-5-methyl, demeton-5-methylsulphon, desmedipham, desmetryn, d-fanshiluquebingjuzhi, diafenthiuron, dialifos, di-allate, diamidafos, diatomaceous earth, diazinon, dibutyl phthalate, dibutyl succinate, dicamba, dicamba-diglycolamine, dicamba-dimethylammonium, dicamba-diolamine, dicamba-isopropylammonium, dicamba-methyl, dicamba-olamine, dicamba-potassium, dicamba-sodium, dicamba-trolamine, dicapthon, dichlobenil, dichlofenthion, dichlofluanid, dichlone, dichloralurea, dichlorbenzuron, dichlorflurenol, dichlorflurenol-methyl, dichlormate, dichlormid, dichlorophen, dichlorprop, dichlorprop-2-ethylhexyl, dichlorprop-butotyl, dichlorprop-dimethylammonium, dichlorprop-ethylammonium, dichlorprop-isoctyl, dichlorprop-methyl, dichlorprop-P, dichlorprop-P-2-ethylhexyl, dichlorprop-P-dimethylammonium, dichlorprop-potassium, dichlorprop-sodium, dichlorvos, dichlozoline, diclobutrazol, diclocymet, diclofop, diclofop-methyl, diclomezine, diclomezine-sodium, dicloran, diclosulam, dicofol, dicoumarol, dicresyl, dicrotophos, dicyclanil, dicyclonon, dieldrin, dienochlor, diethamquat, diethamquat dichloride, diethatyl, diethatyl-ethyl, diethofencarb, dietholate, diethyl pyrocarbonate, diethyltoluamide, difenacoum, difenoconazole, difenopenten, difenopenten-ethyl, difenoxuron, difenzoquat, difenzoquat metilsulfate, difethialone, diflovidazin, diflubenzuron, diflufenican, diflufenzopyr, diflufenzopyr-sodium, diflumetorim, dikegulac, dikegulac-sodium, dilor, dimatif, dimefluthrin, dimefox, dimefuron, dimepiperate, dimetachlone, dimetan, dimethacarb, dimethachlor, dimethametryn, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, dimethipin, dimethirimol, dimethoate, dimethomorph, dimethrin, dimethyl carbate, dimethyl phthalate, dimethylvinphos, dimetilan, dimexano, dimidazon, dimoxystrobin, dinex, dinex-diclexine, dingjunezuo, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, dinitramine, dinobuton, dinocap, dinocap-4, dinocap-6, dinocton, dinofenate, dinopenton, dinoprop, dinosam, dinoseb, dinoseb acetate, dinoseb-ammonium, dinoseb-diolamine, dinoseb-sodium, dinoseb-trolamine, dinosulfon, dinotefuran, dinoterb, dinoterb acetate, dinoterbon, diofenolan, dioxabenzofos, dioxacarb, dioxathion, diphacinone, diphacinone-sodium, diphenamid, diphenyl sulfone, diphenylamine, dipropalin, dipropetryn, dipyrithione, diquat, diquat dibromide, disparlure, disul, disulfuram, disulfoton, disul-sodium, ditalimfos, dithianon, dithicrofos, dithioether, dithiopyr, diuron, d-limonene, DMPA, DNOC, DNOC-ammonium, DNOC-potassium, DNOC-sodium, dodemorph, dodemorph acetate, dodemorph benzoate, dodicin, dodicin hydrochloride, dodicin-sodium, dodine, dofenapyn, dominicalure, doramectin, drazoxolon, DSMA, dufulin, EBEP, EBP, ecdysterone, edifenphos, eglinazine, eglinazine-ethyl, emamectin, emamectin benzoate, EMPC, empenthrin, endosulfan, endothal, endothal-diammonium, endothal-dipotassium, endothal-disodium, endothion, endrin, enestroburin, EPN, epocholeone, epofenonane, epoxiconazole, eprinomectin, epronaz, EPTC, erbon, ergocalciferol, erlujixiancaoan, esdépalléthrine, esfenvalerate, esprocarb, etacelasil, etaconazole, etaphos, etem, ethaboxam, ethachlor, ethalfluralin, ethametsulfuron, ethametsulfuron-methyl, ethaprochlor, ethephon, ethidimuron, ethiofencarb, ethiolate, ethion, ethiozin, ethiprole, ethirimol, ethoate-methyl, ethofumesate, ethohexadiol, ethoprophos, ethoxyfen, ethoxyfen-ethyl, ethoxyquin, ethoxysulfuron, ethychlozate, ethyl formate, ethyl a-naphthaleneacetate, ethyl-DDD, ethylene, ethylene dibromide, ethylene dichloride, ethylene oxide, ethylicin, ethylmercury 2,3-dihydroxypropyl mercaptide, ethylmercury acetate, ethylmercury bromide, ethylmercury chloride, ethylmercury phosphate, etinofen, etnipromid, etobenzanid, etofenprox, etoxazole, etridiazole, etrimfos, eugenol, EXD, famoxadone, famphur, fenamidone, fenaminosulf, fenamiphos, fenapanil, fenarimol, fenasulam, fenazaflor, fenazaquin, fenbuconazole, fenbutatin oxide, fenchlorazole, fenchlorazole-ethyl, fenchlorphos, fenclorim, fenethacarb, fenfluthrin, fenfuram, fenhexamid, fenitropan, fenitrothion, fenjuntong, fenobucarb, fenoprop, fenoprop-3-butoxypropyl, fenoprop-butomethyl, fenoprop-butotyl, fenoprop-butyl, fenoprop-isoctyl, fenoprop-methyl, fenoprop-potassium, fenothiocarb, fenoxacrim, fenoxanil, fenoxaprop, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fenoxaprop-P, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, fenoxasulfone, fenoxycarb, fenpiclonil, fenpirithrin, fenpropathrin, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph, fenpyrazamine, fenpyroximate, fenridazon, fenridazon-potassium, fenridazon-propyl, fenson, fensulfothion, fenteracol, fenthiaprop, fenthiaprop-ethyl, fenthion, fenthion-ethyl, fentin, fentin acetate, fentin chloride, fentin hydroxide, fentrazamide, fentrifanil, fenuron, fenuron TCA, fenvalerate, ferbam, ferimzone, ferrous sulfate, fipronil, flamprop, flamprop-isopropyl, flamprop-M, flamprop-methyl, flamprop-M-isopropyl, flamprop-M-methyl, flazasulfuron, flocoumafen, flometoquin, flonicamid, florasulam, fluacrypyrim, fluazifop, fluazifop-butyl, fluazifop-methyl, fluazifop-P, fluazifop-P-butyl, fluazinam, fluazolate, fluazuron, flubendiamide, flubenzimine, flucarbazone, flucarbazone-sodium, flucetosulfuron, fluchloralin, flucofuron, flucycloxuron, flucythrinate, fludioxonil, fluenetil, fluensulfone, flufenacet, flufenerim, flufenican, flufenoxuron, flufenprox, flufenpyr, flufenpyr-ethyl, flufiprole, flumethrin, flumetover, flumetralin, flumetsulam, flumezin, flumiclorac, flumiclorac-pentyl, flumioxazin, flumipropyn, flumorph, fluometuron, fluopicolide, fluopyram, fluorbenside, fluoridamid, fluoroacetamide, fluorodifen, fluoroglycofen, fluoroglycofen-ethyl, fluoroimide, fluoromidine, fluoronitrofen, fluothiuron, fluotrimazole, fluoxastrobin, flupoxam, flupropacil, flupropadine, flupropanate, flupropanate-sodium, flupyradifurone, flupyrsulfuron, flupyrsulfuron-methyl, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-sodium, fluquinconazole, flurazole, flurenol, flurenol-butyl, flurenol-methyl, fluridone, fluorochloridone, fluoroxypyr, fluoroxypyr-butomethyl, fluoroxypyr-meptyl, flurprimidol, flursulamid, flurtamone, flusilazole, flusulfamide, fluthiacet, fluthiacet-methyl, flutianil, flutolanil, flutriafol, fluvalinate, fluxapyroxad, fluxofenim, folpet, fomesafen, fomesafen-sodium, fonofos, foramsulfuron, forchlorfenuron, formaldehyde, formetanate, formetanate hydrochloride, formothion, formparanate, formparanate hydrochloride, fosamine, fosamine-ammonium, fosetyl, fosetyl-aluminium, fosmethilan, fospirate, fosthiazate, fosthietan, frontalin, fuberidazole, fucaojing, fucaomi, funaihecaoling, fuphenthiourea, furalane, furalaxyl, furamethrin, furametpyr, furathiocarb, furcarbanil, furconazole, furconazole-cis, furethrin, furfural, furilazole, furmecyclox, furophanate, furyloxyfen, gamma-cyhalothrin, gamma-HCH, genit, gibberellic acid, gibberellins, gliftor, glufosinate, glufosinate-ammonium, glufosinate-P, glufosinate-P-ammonium, glufosinate-P-sodium, glyodin, glyoxime, glyphosate, glyphosate-diammonium, glyphosate-dimethylammonium, glyphosate-isopropylammonium, glyphosate-monoammonium, glyphosate-potassium, glyphosate-sesquisodium, glyphosate-trimesium, glyphosine, gossyplure, grandlure, griseofulvin, guazatine, guazatine acetates, halacrinate, halfenprox, halofenozide, halosafen, halosulfuron, halosulfuron-methyl, haloxydine, haloxyfop, haloxyfop-etotyl, haloxyfop-methyl, haloxyfop-P, haloxyfop-P-etotyl, haloxyfop-P-methyl, haloxyfop-sodium, HCH, hemel, hempa, HEOD, heptachlor, heptenophos, heptopargil, heterophos, hexachloroacetone, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorobutadiene, hexachlorophene, hexaconazole, hexaflumuron, hexaflurate, hexylure, hexamide, hexazinone, hexylthiofos, hexythiazox, HHDN, holosulf, huancaiwo, huangcaoling, huanjunzuo, hydramethylnon, hydrargaphen, hydrated lime, hydrogen cyanide, hydroprene, hymexazol, hyquincarb, IAA, IBA, icaridin, imazalil, imazalil nitrate, imazalil sulfate, imazamethabenz, imazamethabenz-methyl, imazamox, imazamox-ammonium, imazapic, imazapic-ammonium, imazapyr, imazapyr-isopropylammonium, imazaquin, imazaquin-ammonium, imazaquin-methyl, imazaquin-sodium, imazethapyr, imazethapyr-ammonium, imazosulfuron, imibenconazole, imicyafos, imidacloprid, imidaclothiz, iminoctadine, iminoctadine triacetate, iminoctadine trialbesilate, imiprothrin, inabenfide, indanofan, indaziflam, indoxacarb, inezin, iodobonil, iodocarb, iodomethane, iodosulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, iofensulfuron, iofensulfuron-sodium, ioxynil, ioxynil octanoate, ioxynil-lithium, ioxynil-sodium, ipazine, ipconazole, ipfencarbazone, iprobenfos, iprodione, iprovalicarb, iprymidam, ipsdienol, ipsenol, IPSP, isamidofos, isazofos, isobenzan, isocarbamid, isocarbophos, isocil, isodrin, isofenphos, isofenphos-methyl, isolan, isomethiozin, isonoruron, isopolinate, isoprocarb, isopropalin, isoprothiolane, isoproturon, isopyrazam, isopyrimol, isothioate, isotianil, isouron, isovaledione, isoxaben, isoxachlortole, isoxadifen, isoxadifen-ethyl, isoxaflutole, isoxapyrifop, isoxathion, ivermectin, izopamfos, japonilure, japothrins, jasmolin I, jasmolin II, jasmonic acid, jiahuangchongzong, jiajizengxiaolin, jiaxiangjunzhi, jiecaowan, jiecaoxi, jodfenphos, juvenile hormone I, juvenile hormone II, juvenile hormone III, kadethrin, karbutilate, karetazan, karetazan-potassium, kasugamycin, kasugamycin hydrochloride, kejunlin, kelevan, ketospiradox, ketospiradox-potassium, kinetin, kinoprene, kresoxim-methyl, kuicaoxi, lactofen, lambda-cyhalothrin, latilure, lead arsenate, lenacil, lepimectin, leptophos, lindane, lineatin, linuron, lirimfos, litlure, looplure, lufenuron, lvdingjunzhi, lvxiancaolin, lythidathion, MAA, malathion, maleic hydrazide, malonoben, maltodextrin, MAMA, mancopper, mancozeb, mandipropamid, maneb, matrine, mazidox, MCPA, MCPA-2-ethylhexyl, MCPA-butotyl, MCPA-butyl, MCPA-dimethylammonium, MCPA-diolamine, MCPA-ethyl, MCPA-isobutyl, MCPA-isoctyl, MCPA-isopropyl, MCPA-methyl, MCPA-olamine, MCPA-potassium, MCPA-sodium, MCPA-thioethyl, MCPA-trolamine, MCPB, MCPB-ethyl, MCPB-methyl, MCPB-sodium, mebenil, mecarbam, mecarbinzid, mecarphon, mecoprop, mecoprop-2-ethylhexyl, mecoprop-dimethylammonium, mecoprop-diolamine, mecoprop-ethadyl, mecoprop-isoctyl, mecoprop-methyl, mecoprop-P, mecoprop-P-2-ethylhexyl, mecoprop-P-dimethylammonium, mecoprop-P-isobutyl, mecoprop-potassium, mecoprop-P-potassium, mecoprop-sodium, mecoprop-trolamine, medimeform, medinoterb, medinoterb acetate, medlure, mefenacet, mefenpyr, mefenpyr-diethyl, mefluidide, mefluidide-diolamine, mefluidide-potassium, megatomoic acid, menazon, mepanipyrim, meperfluthrin, mephenate, mephosfolan, mepiquat, mepiquat chloride, mepiquat pentaborate, mepronil, meptyldinocap, mercuric chloride, mercuric oxide, mercurous chloride, merphos, mesoprazine, mesosulfuron, mesosulfuron-methyl, mesotrione, mesulfen, mesulfenfos, metaflumizone, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M, metaldehyde, metam, metam-ammonium, metamifop, metamitron, metam-potassium, metam-sodium, metazachlor, metazosulfuron, metazoxolon, metconazole, metepa, metflurazon, methabenzthiazuron, methacrifos, methalpropalin, methamidophos, methasulfocarb, methazole, methfuroxam, methidathion, methiobencarb, methiocarb, methiopyrisulfuron, methiotepa, methiozolin, methiuron, methocrotophos, methometon, methomyl, methoprene, methoprotryne, methoquin-butyl, methothrin, methoxychlor, methoxyfenozide, methoxyphenone, methyl apholate, methyl bromide, methyl eugenol, methyl iodide, methyl isothiocyanate, methylacetophos, methylchloroform, methyldymron, methylene chloride, methylmercury benzoate, methylmercury dicyandiamide, methylmercury pentachlorophenoxide, methylneodecanamide, metiram, metobenzuron, metobromuron, metofluthrin, metolachlor, metolcarb, metominostrobin, metosulam, metoxadiazone, metoxuron, metrafenone, metribuzin, metsulfovax, metsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, mevinphos, mexacarbate, mieshuan, milbemectin, milbemycin oxime, milneb, mipafox, mirex, MNAF, moguchun, molinate, molosultap, monalide, monisouron, monochloroacetic acid, monocrotophos, monolinuron, monosulfuron, monosulfuron-ester, monuron, monuron TCA, morfamquat, morfamquat dichloride, moroxydine, moroxydine hydrochloride, morphothion, morzid, moxidectin, MSMA, muscalure, myclobutanil, myclozolin, N-(ethylmercury)-p-toluenesulphonanilide, nabam, naftalofos, naled, naphthalene, naphthaleneacetamide, naphthalic anhydride, naphthoxyacetic acids, naproanilide, napropamide, naptalam, naptalam-sodium, natamycin, neburon, niclosamide, niclosamide-olamine, nicosulfuron, nicotine, nifluridide, nipyraclofen, nitenpyram, nithiazine, nitralin, nitrapyrin, nitrilacarb, nitrofen, nitrofluorfen, nitrostyrene, nitrothal-isopropyl, norbormide, norflurazon, nornicotine, noruron, novaluron, noviflumuron, nuarimol, OCH, octachlorodipropyl ether, octhilinone, ofurace, omethoate, orbencarb, orfralure, ortho-dichlorobenzene, orthosulfamuron, oryctalure, orysastrobin, oryzalin, osthol, ostramone, oxabetrinil, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxadixyl, oxamate, oxamyl, oxapyrazon, oxapyrazon-dimolamine, oxapyrazon-sodium, oxasulfuron, oxaziclomefone, oxine-copper, oxolinic acid, oxpoconazole, oxpoconazole fumarate, oxycarboxin, oxydemeton-methyl, oxydeprofos, oxydisulfoton, oxyfluorfen, oxymatrine, oxytetracycline, oxytetracycline hydrochloride, paclobutrazol, paichongding, para-dichlorobenzene, parafluoron, paraquat, paraquat dichloride, paraquat dimetilsulfate, parathion, parathion-methyl, parinol, pebulate, pefurazoate, pelargonic acid, penconazole, pencycuron, pendimethalin, penflufen, penfluoron, penoxsulam, pentachlorophenol, pentanochlor, penthiopyrad, pentmethrin, pentoxazone, perfluidone, permethrin, pethoxamid, phenamacril, phenazine oxide, phenisopham, phenkapton, phenmedipham, phenmedipham-ethyl, phenobenzuron, phenothrin, phenproxide, phenthoate, phenylmercuriurea, phenylmercury acetate, phenylmercury chloride, phenylmercury derivative of pyrocatechol, phenylmercury nitrate, phenylmercury salicylate, phorate, phosacetim, phosalone, phosdiphen, phosfolan, phosfolan-methyl, phosglycin, phosmet, phosnichlor, phosphamidon, phosphine, phosphocarb, phosphorus, phostin, phoxim, phoxim-methyl, phthalide, picloram, picloram-2-ethylhexyl, picloram-isoctyl, picloram-methyl, picloram-olamine, picloram-potassium, picloram-triethylammonium, picloram-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium, picolinafen, picoxystrobin, pindone, pindone-sodium, pinoxaden, piperalin, piperonyl butoxide, piperonyl cyclonene, piperophos, piproctanyl, piproctanyl bromide, piprotal, pirimetaphos, pirimicarb, pirimioxyphos, pirimiphos-ethyl, pirimiphos-methyl, plifenate, polycarbamate, polyoxins, polyoxorim, polyoxorim-zinc, polythialan, potassium arsenite, potassium azide, potassium cyanate, potassium gibberellate, potassium naphthenate, potassium polysulfide, potassium thiocyanate, potassium a-naphthaleneacetate, pp′-DDT, prallethrin, precocene I, precocene II, precocene III, pretilachlor, primidophos, primisulfuron, primisulfuron-methyl, probenazole, prochloraz, prochloraz-manganese, proclonol, procyazine, procymidone, prodiamine, profenofos, profluazol, profluralin, profluthrin, profoxydim, proglinazine, proglinazine-ethyl, prohexadione, prohexadione-calcium, prohydrojasmon, promacyl, promecarb, prometon, prometryn, promurit, propachlor, propamidine, propamidine dihydrochloride, propamocarb, propamocarb hydrochloride, propanil, propaphos, propaquizafop, propargite, proparthrin, propazine, propetamphos, propham, propiconazole, propineb, propisochlor, propoxur, propoxycarbazone, propoxycarbazone-sodium, propyl isome, propyrisulfuron, propyzamide, proquinazid, prosuler, prosulfalin, prosulfocarb, prosulfuron, prothidathion, prothiocarb, prothiocarb hydrochloride, prothioconazole, prothiofos, prothoate, protrifenbute, proxan, proxan-sodium, prynachlor, pydanon, pymetrozine, pyracarbolid, pyraclofos, pyraclonil, pyraclostrobin, pyraflufen, pyraflufen-ethyl, pyrafluprole, pyramat, pyrametostrobin, pyraoxystrobin, pyrasulfotole, pyrazolynate, pyrazophos, pyrazosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, pyrazothion, pyrazoxyfen, pyresmethrin, pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II, pyrethrins, pyribambenz-isopropyl, pyribambenz-propyl, pyribencarb, pyribenzoxim, pyributicarb, pyriclor, pyridaben, pyridafol, pyridalyl, pyridaphenthion, pyridate, pyridinitril, pyrifenox, pyrifluquinazon, pyriftalid, pyrimethanil, pyrimidifen, pyriminobac, pyriminobac-methyl, pyrimisulfan, pyrimitate, pyrinuron, pyriofenone, pyriprole, pyripropanol, pyriproxyfen, pyrithiobac, pyrithiobac-sodium, pyrolan, pyroquilon, pyroxasulfone, pyroxsulam, pyroxychlor, pyroxyfur, quassia, quinacetol, quinacetol sulfate, quinalphos, quinalphos-methyl, quinazamid, quinclorac, quinconazole, quinmerac, quinoclamine, quinonamid, quinothion, quinoxyfen, quintiofos, quintozene, quizalofop, quizalofop-ethyl, quizalofop-P, quizalofop-P-ethyl, quizalofop-P-tefuryl, quwenzhi, quyingding, rabenzazole, rafoxanide, rebemide, resmethrin, rhodethanil, rhodojaponin-III, ribavirin, rimsulfuron, rotenone, ryania, saflufenacil, saijunmao, saisentong, salicylanilide, sanguinarine, santonin, schradan, scilliroside, sebuthylazine, secbumeton, sedaxane, selamectin, semiamitraz, semiamitraz chloride, sesamex, sesamolin, sethoxydim, shuangjiaancaolin, siduron, siglure, silafluofen, silatrane, silica gel, silthiofam, simazine, simeconazole, simeton, simetryn, sintofen, SMA, S-metolachlor, sodium arsenite, sodium azide, sodium chlorate, sodium fluoride, sodium fluoroacetate, sodium hexafluorosilicate, sodium naphthenate, sodium orthophenylphenoxide, sodium pentachlorophenoxide, sodium polysulfide, sodium thiocyanate, sodium a-naphthaleneacetate, sophamide, spinetoram, spinosad, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spirotetramat, spiroxamine, streptomycin, streptomycin sesquisulfate, strychnine, sulcatol, sulcofuron, sulcofuron-sodium, sulcotrione, sulfallate, sulfentrazone, sulfuram, sulfluramid, sulfometuron, sulfometuron-methyl, sulfosulfuron, sulfotep, sulfoxaflor, sulfoxide, sulfoxime, sulfur, sulfuric acid, sulfuryl fluoride, sulglycapin, sulprofos, sultropen, swep, tau-fluvalinate, tavron, tazimcarb, TCA, TCA-ammonium, TCA-calcium, TCA-ethadyl, TCA-magnesium, TCA-sodium, TDE, tebuconazole, tebufenozide, tebufenpyrad, tebufloquin, tebupirimfos, tebutam, tebuthiuron, tecloftalam, tecnazene, tecoram, teflubenzuron, tefluthrin, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, temephos, tepa, TEPP, tepraloxydim, terallethrin, terbacil, terbucarb, terbuchlor, terbufos, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, tetcyclacis, tetrachloroethane, tetrachlorvinphos, tetraconazole, tetradifon, tetrafluoron, tetramethrin, tetramethylfluthrin, tetramine, tetranactin, tetrasul, thallium sulfate, thenylchlor, theta-cypermethrin, thiabendazole, thiacloprid, thiadifluor, thiamethoxam, thiapronil, thiazafluoron, thiazopyr, thicrofos, thicyofen, thidiazimin, thidiazuron, thiencarbazone, thiencarbazone-methyl, thifensulfuron, thifensulfuron-methyl, thifluzamide, thiobencarb, thiocarboxime, thiochlorfenphim, thiocyclam, thiocyclam hydrochloride, thiocyclam oxalate, thiodiazole-copper, thiodicarb, thiofanox, thiofluoximate, thiohempa, thiomersal, thiometon, thionazin, thiophanate, thiophanate-methyl, thioquinox, thiosemicarbazide, thiosultap, thiosultap-diammonium, thiosultap-disodium, thiosultap-monosodium, thiotepa, thiram, thuringiensin, tiadinil, tiaojiean, tiocarbazil, tioclorim, tioxymid, tirpate, tolclofos-methyl, tolfenpyrad, tolylfluanid, tolylmercury acetate, topramezone, tralkoxydim, tralocythrin, tralomethrin, tralopyril, transfluthrin, transpermethrin, tretamine, triacontanol, triadimefon, triadimenol, triafamone, tri-allate, triamiphos, triapenthenol, triarathene, triarimol, triasulfuron, triazamate, triazbutil, triaziflam, triazophos, triazoxide, tribenuron, tribenuron-methyl, tribufos, tributyltin oxide, tricamba, trichlamide, trichlorfon, trichlormetaphos-3, trichloronat, triclopyr, triclopyr-butotyl, triclopyr-ethyl, triclopyr-triethylammonium, tricyclazole, tridemorph, tridiphane, trietazine, trifenmorph, trifenofos, trifloxystrobin, trifloxysulfuron, trifloxysulfuron-sodium, triflumizole, triflumuron, trifluralin, triflusulfuron, triflusulfuron-methyl, trifop, trifop-methyl, trifopsime, triforine, trihydroxytriazine, trimedlure, trimethacarb, trimeturon, trinexapac, trinexapac-ethyl, triprene, tripropindan, triptolide, tritac, triticonazole, tritosulfuron, trunc-call, uniconazole, uniconazole-P, urbacide, uredepa, valerate, validamycin, valifenalate, valone, vamidothion, vangard, vaniliprole, vernolate, vinclozolin, warfarin, warfarin-potassium, warfarin-sodium, xiaochongliulin, xinjunan, xiwojunan, XMC, xylachlor, xylenols, xylylcarb, yishijing, zarilamid, zeatin, zengxiaoan, zeta-cypermethrin, zinc naphthenate, zinc phosphide, zinc thiazole, zineb, ziram, zolaprofos, zoxamide, zuomihuanglong, α-chlorohydrin, α-ecdysone, α-multistriatin, and α-naphthaleneacetic acid. For more information consult the “COMPENDIUM OF PESTICIDE COMMON NAMES” located at http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/index.html. Also consult “THE PESTICIDE MANUAL” 14th Edition, edited by C D S Tomlin, copyright 2006 by British Crop Production Council, or its prior or more recent editions.

Biopesticides

Molecules of Formula One may also be used in combination (such as in a compositional mixture, or a simultaneous or sequential application) with one or more biopesticides. The term “biopesticide” is used for microbial biological pest control agents that are applied in a similar manner to chemical pesticides. Commonly these are bacterial, but there are also examples of fungal control agents, including Trichoderma spp. and Ampelomyces quisqualis (a control agent for grape powdery mildew). Bacillus subtilis are used to control plant pathogens. Weeds and rodents have also been controlled with microbial agents. One well-known insecticide example is Bacillus thuringiensis, a bacterial disease of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera. Because it has little effect on other organisms, it is considered more environmentally friendly than synthetic pesticides. Biological insecticides include products based on:

1. entomopathogenic fungi (e.g. Metarhizium anisopliae);

2. entomopathogenic nematodes (e.g. Steinernema feltiae); and

3. entomopathogenic viruses (e.g. Cydia pomonella granulovirus).

Other examples of entomopathogenic organisms include, but are not limited to, baculoviruses, bacteria and other prokaryotic organisms, fungi, protozoa and Microsproridia. Biologically derived insecticides include, but not limited to, rotenone, veratridine, as well as microbial toxins; insect tolerant or resistant plant varieties; and organisms modified by recombinant DNA technology to either produce insecticides or to convey an insect resistant property to the genetically modified organism. In one embodiment, the molecules of Formula One may be used with one or more biopesticides in the area of seed treatments and soil amendments. The Manual of Biocontrol Agents gives a review of the available biological insecticide (and other biology-based control) products. Copping L. G. (ed.) (2004). The Manual of Biocontrol Agents (formerly the Biopesticide Manual) 3rd Edition. British Crop Production Council (BCPC), Farnham, Surrey UK.

Other Active Compounds

Molecules of Formula One may also be used in combination (such as in a compositional mixture, or a simultaneous or sequential application) with one or more of the following:

-   1.     3-(4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-hydroxy-8-oxa-1-azaspiro[4,5]dec-3-en-2-one; -   2.     3-(4′-chloro-2,4-dimethyl[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-hydroxy-8-oxa-1-azaspiro[4,5]dec-3-en-2-one; -   3. 4-[[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]methylamino]-2(5H)-furanone; -   4.     4-[[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]cyclopropylamino]-2(5H)-furanone; -   5.     3-chloro-N2-[(1S)-1-methyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl]-N1-[2-methyl-4-[1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]phenyl]-1,2-benzenedicarboxamide; -   6. 2-cyano-N-ethyl-4-fluoro-3-methoxy-benenesulfonamide; -   7. 2-cyano-N-ethyl-3-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide; -   8. 2-cyano-3-difluoromethoxy-N-ethyl-4-fluoro-benzenesulfonamide; -   9. 2-cyano-3-fluoromethoxy-N-ethyl-benzenesulfonamide; -   10. 2-cyano-6-fluoro-3-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-benzenesulfonamide; -   11. 2-cyano-N-ethyl-6-fluoro-3-methoxy-N-methyl-benzenesulfonamide; -   12. 2-cyano-3-difluoromethoxy-N,N-dimethylbenzenesulfon-amide; -   13.     3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[2-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide; -   14.     N-ethyl-2,2-dimethylpropionamide-2-(2,6-dichloro-α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)     hydrazone; -   15.     N-ethyl-2,2-dichloro-1-methylcyclopropane-carboxamide-2-(2,6-dichloro-α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)     hydrazone nicotine; -   16.     O-{(E-)-[2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-cyano-1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)-vinyl]}     S-methyl thiocarbonate; -   17.     (E)-N-1-[2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)]-N2-cyano-N1-methylacetamidine; -   18.     1-(6-chloropyridin-3-ylmethyl)-7-methyl-8-nitro-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-5-ol; -   19. 4-[4-chlorophenyl-(2-butylidine-hydrazono)methyl)]phenyl     mesylate; and -   20.     N-Ethyl-2,2-dichloro-1-methylcyclopropanecarboxamide-2-(2,6-dichloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-p-tolyl)hydrazone.

Synergistic Mixtures

Molecules of Formula One may be used with certain active compounds to form synergistic mixtures where the mode of action of such compounds compared to the mode of action of the molecules of Formula One are the same, similar, or different. Examples of modes of action include, but are not limited to: acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; sodium channel modulator; chitin biosynthesis inhibitor; GABA and glutamate-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABA and glutamate-gated chloride channel agonist; acetylcholine receptor agonist; acetylcholine receptor antagonist; MET I inhibitor; Mg-stimulated ATPase inhibitor; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; Midgut membrane disrupter; oxidative phosphorylation disrupter, and ryanodine receptor (RyRs). Generally, weight ratios of the molecules of Formula One in a synergistic mixture with another compound are from about 10:1 to about 1:10, in another embodiment from about 5:1 to about 1:5, and in another embodiment from about 3:1, and in another embodiment about 1:1.

Formulations

A pesticide is rarely suitable for application in its pure form. It is usually necessary to add other substances so that the pesticide can be used at the required concentration and in an appropriate form, permitting ease of application, handling, transportation, storage, and maximum pesticide activity. Thus, pesticides are formulated into, for example, baits, concentrated emulsions, dusts, emulsifiable concentrates, fumigants, gels, granules, microencapsulations, seed treatments, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsions, tablets, water soluble liquids, water dispersible granules or dry flowables, wettable powders, and ultra low volume solutions. For further information on formulation types see “Catalogue of Pesticide Formulation Types and International Coding System” Technical Monograph n° 2, 5th Edition by CropLife International (2002).

Pesticides are applied most often as aqueous suspensions or emulsions prepared from concentrated formulations of such pesticides. Such water-soluble, water-suspendable, or emulsifiable formulations are either solids, usually known as wettable powders, or water dispersible granules, or liquids usually known as emulsifiable concentrates, or aqueous suspensions. Wettable powders, which may be compacted to form water dispersible granules, comprise an intimate mixture of the pesticide, a carrier, and surfactants. The concentration of the pesticide is usually from about 10% to about 90% by weight. The carrier is usually selected from among the attapulgite clays, the montmorillonite clays, the diatomaceous earths, or the purified silicates. Effective surfactants, comprising from about 0.5% to about 10% of the wettable powder, are found among sulfonated lignins, condensed naphthalenesulfonates, naphthalenesulfonates, alkylbenzenesulfonates, alkyl sulfates, and non-ionic surfactants such as ethylene oxide adducts of alkyl phenols.

Emulsifiable concentrates of pesticides comprise a convenient concentration of a pesticide, such as from about 50 to about 500 grams per liter of liquid dissolved in a carrier that is either a water miscible solvent or a mixture of water-immiscible organic solvent and emulsifiers. Useful organic solvents include aromatics, especially xylenes and petroleum fractions, especially the high-boiling naphthalenic and olefinic portions of petroleum such as heavy aromatic naphtha. Other organic solvents may also be used, such as the terpenic solvents including rosin derivatives, aliphatic ketones such as cyclohexanone, and complex alcohols such as 2-ethoxyethanol. Suitable emulsifiers for emulsifiable concentrates are selected from conventional anionic and non-ionic surfactants.

Aqueous suspensions comprise suspensions of water-insoluble pesticides dispersed in an aqueous carrier at a concentration in the range from about 5% to about 50% by weight. Suspensions are prepared by finely grinding the pesticide and vigorously mixing it into a carrier comprised of water and surfactants. Ingredients, such as inorganic salts and synthetic or natural gums may also be added, to increase the density and viscosity of the aqueous carrier. It is often most effective to grind and mix the pesticide at the same time by preparing the aqueous mixture and homogenizing it in an implement such as a sand mill, ball mill, or piston-type homogenizer.

Pesticides may also be applied as granular compositions that are particularly useful for applications to the soil. Granular compositions usually contain from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the pesticide, dispersed in a carrier that comprises clay or a similar substance. Such compositions are usually prepared by dissolving the pesticide in a suitable solvent and applying it to a granular carrier which has been pre-formed to the appropriate particle size, in the range of from about 0.5 to about 3 mm. Such compositions may also be formulated by making a dough or paste of the carrier and compound and crushing and drying to obtain the desired granular particle size.

Dusts containing a pesticide are prepared by intimately mixing the pesticide in powdered form with a suitable dusty agricultural carrier, such as kaolin clay, ground volcanic rock, and the like. Dusts can suitably contain from about 1% to about 10% of the pesticide. They can be applied as a seed dressing or as a foliage application with a dust blower machine.

It is equally practical to apply a pesticide in the form of a solution in an appropriate organic solvent, usually petroleum oil, such as the spray oils, which are widely used in agricultural chemistry.

Pesticides can also be applied in the form of an aerosol composition. In such compositions the pesticide is dissolved or dispersed in a carrier, which is a pressure-generating propellant mixture. The aerosol composition is packaged in a container from which the mixture is dispensed through an atomizing valve.

Pesticide baits are formed when the pesticide is mixed with food or an attractant or both. When the pests eat the bait they also consume the pesticide. Baits may take the form of granules, gels, flowable powders, liquids, or solids. They can be used in pest harborages.

Fumigants are pesticides that have a relatively high vapor pressure and hence can exist as a gas in sufficient concentrations to kill pests in soil or enclosed spaces. The toxicity of the fumigant is proportional to its concentration and the exposure time. They are characterized by a good capacity for diffusion and act by penetrating the pest's respiratory system or being absorbed through the pest's cuticle. Fumigants are applied to control stored product pests under gas proof sheets, in gas sealed rooms or buildings or in special chambers.

Pesticides can be microencapsulated by suspending the pesticide particles or droplets in plastic polymers of various types. By altering the chemistry of the polymer or by changing factors in the processing, microcapsules can be formed of various sizes, solubility, wall thicknesses, and degrees of penetrability. These factors govern the speed with which the active ingredient within is released, which in turn, affects the residual performance, speed of action, and odor of the product.

Oil solution concentrates are made by dissolving pesticide in a solvent that will hold the pesticide in solution. Oil solutions of a pesticide usually provide faster knockdown and kill of pests than other formulations due to the solvents themselves having pesticidal action and the dissolution of the waxy covering of the integument increasing the speed of uptake of the pesticide. Other advantages of oil solutions include better storage stability, better penetration of crevices, and better adhesion to greasy surfaces.

Another embodiment is an oil-in-water emulsion, wherein the emulsion comprises oily globules which are each provided with a lamellar liquid crystal coating and are dispersed in an aqueous phase, wherein each oily globule comprises at least one compound which is agriculturally active, and is individually coated with a monolamellar or oligolamellar layer comprising: (1) at least one non-ionic lipophilic surface-active agent, (2) at least one non-ionic hydrophilic surface-active agent and (3) at least one ionic surface-active agent, wherein the globules having a mean particle diameter of less than 800 nanometers. Further information on the embodiment is disclosed in U.S. patent publication 20070027034 published Feb. 1, 2007, having patent application Ser. No. 11/495,228. For ease of use, this embodiment will be referred to as “OIWE”.

For further information consult “Insect Pest Management” 2nd Edition by D. Dent, copyright CAB International (2000). Additionally, for more detailed information consult “Handbook of Pest Control—The Behavior, Life History, and Control of Household Pests” by Arnold Mallis, 9th Edition, copyright 2004 by GIE Media Inc.

Other Formulation Components

Generally, when the molecules disclosed in Formula One are used in a formulation, such formulation can also contain other components. These components include, but are not limited to, (this is a non-exhaustive and non-mutually exclusive list) wetters, spreaders, stickers, penetrants, buffers, sequestering agents, drift reduction agents, compatibility agents, anti-foam agents, cleaning agents, and emulsifiers. A few components are described forthwith.

A wetting agent is a substance that when added to a liquid increases the spreading or penetration power of the liquid by reducing the interfacial tension between the liquid and the surface on which it is spreading. Wetting agents are used for two main functions in agrochemical formulations: during processing and manufacture to increase the rate of wetting of powders in water to make concentrates for soluble liquids or suspension concentrates; and during mixing of a product with water in a spray tank to reduce the wetting time of wettable powders and to improve the penetration of water into water-dispersible granules. Examples of wetting agents used in wettable powder, suspension concentrate, and water-dispersible granule formulations are: sodium lauryl sulfate; sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate; alkyl phenol ethoxylates; and aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates.

A dispersing agent is a substance which adsorbs onto the surface of particles and helps to preserve the state of dispersion of the particles and prevents them from reaggregating. Dispersing agents are added to agrochemical formulations to facilitate dispersion and suspension during manufacture, and to ensure the particles redisperse into water in a spray tank. They are widely used in wettable powders, suspension concentrates and water-dispersible granules. Surfactants that are used as dispersing agents have the ability to adsorb strongly onto a particle surface and provide a charged or steric barrier to reaggregation of particles. The most commonly used surfactants are anionic, non-ionic, or mixtures of the two types. For wettable powder formulations, the most common dispersing agents are sodium lignosulfonates. For suspension concentrates, very good adsorption and stabilization are obtained using polyelectrolytes, such as sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensates. Tristyrylphenol ethoxylate phosphate esters are also used. Non-ionics such as alkylarylethylene oxide condensates and EO-PO block copolymers are sometimes combined with anionics as dispersing agents for suspension concentrates. In recent years, new types of very high molecular weight polymeric surfactants have been developed as dispersing agents. These have very long hydrophobic ‘backbones’ and a large number of ethylene oxide chains forming the ‘teeth’ of a ‘comb’ surfactant. These high molecular weight polymers can give very good long-term stability to suspension concentrates because the hydrophobic backbones have many anchoring points onto the particle surfaces. Examples of dispersing agents used in agrochemical formulations are: sodium lignosulfonates; sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensates; tristyrylphenol ethoxylate phosphate esters; aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates; alkyl ethoxylates; EO-PO block copolymers; and graft copolymers.

An emulsifying agent is a substance which stabilizes a suspension of droplets of one liquid phase in another liquid phase. Without the emulsifying agent the two liquids would separate into two immiscible liquid phases. The most commonly used emulsifier blends contain alkylphenol or aliphatic alcohol with twelve or more ethylene oxide units and the oil-soluble calcium salt of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid. A range of hydrophile-lipophile balance (“HLB”) values from 8 to 18 will normally provide good stable emulsions. Emulsion stability can sometimes be improved by the addition of a small amount of an EO-PO block copolymer surfactant.

A solubilizing agent is a surfactant which will form micelles in water at concentrations above the critical micelle concentration. The micelles are then able to dissolve or solubilize water-insoluble materials inside the hydrophobic part of the micelle. The types of surfactants usually used for solubilization are non-ionics, sorbitan monooleates, sorbitan monooleate ethoxylates, and methyl oleate esters.

Surfactants are sometimes used, either alone or with other additives such as mineral or vegetable oils as adjuvants to spray-tank mixes to improve the biological performance of the pesticide on the target. The types of surfactants used for bioenhancement depend generally on the nature and mode of action of the pesticide. However, they are often non-ionics such as: alkyl ethoxylates; linear aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates; aliphatic amine ethoxylates.

A carrier or diluent in an agricultural formulation is a material added to the pesticide to give a product of the required strength. Carriers are usually materials with high absorptive capacities, while diluents are usually materials with low absorptive capacities. Carriers and diluents are used in the formulation of dusts, wettable powders, granules and water-dispersible granules.

Organic solvents are used mainly in the formulation of emulsifiable concentrates, oil-in-water emulsions, suspoemulsions, and ultra low volume formulations, and to a lesser extent, granular formulations. Sometimes mixtures of solvents are used. The first main groups of solvents are aliphatic paraffinic oils such as kerosene or refined paraffins. The second main group (and the most common) comprises the aromatic solvents such as xylene and higher molecular weight fractions of C9 and C10 aromatic solvents. Chlorinated hydrocarbons are useful as cosolvents to prevent crystallization of pesticides when the formulation is emulsified into water. Alcohols are sometimes used as cosolvents to increase solvent power. Other solvents may include vegetable oils, seed oils, and esters of vegetable and seed oils.

Thickeners or gelling agents are used mainly in the formulation of suspension concentrates, emulsions and suspoemulsions to modify the rheology or flow properties of the liquid and to prevent separation and settling of the dispersed particles or droplets. Thickening, gelling, and anti-settling agents generally fall into two categories, namely water-insoluble particulates and water-soluble polymers. It is possible to produce suspension concentrate formulations using clays and silicas. Examples of these types of materials, include, but are not limited to, montmorillonite, bentonite, magnesium aluminum silicate, and attapulgite. Water-soluble polysaccharides have been used as thickening-gelling agents for many years. The types of polysaccharides most commonly used are natural extracts of seeds and seaweeds or are synthetic derivatives of cellulose. Examples of these types of materials include, but are not limited to, guar gum; locust bean gum; carrageenam; alginates; methyl cellulose; sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC); hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). Other types of anti-settling agents are based on modified starches, polyacrylates, polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene oxide. Another good anti-settling agent is xanthan gum.

Microorganisms can cause spoilage of formulated products. Therefore preservation agents are used to eliminate or reduce their effect. Examples of such agents include, but are not limited to: propionic acid and its sodium salt; sorbic acid and its sodium or potassium salts; benzoic acid and its sodium salt; p-hydroxybenzoic acid sodium salt; methyl p-hydroxybenzoate; and 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT).

The presence of surfactants often causes water-based formulations to foam during mixing operations in production and in application through a spray tank. In order to reduce the tendency to foam, anti-foam agents are often added either during the production stage or before filling into bottles. Generally, there are two types of anti-foam agents, namely silicones and non-silicones. Silicones are usually aqueous emulsions of dimethyl polysiloxane, while the non-silicone anti-foam agents are water-insoluble oils, such as octanol and nonanol, or silica. In both cases, the function of the anti-foam agent is to displace the surfactant from the air-water interface.

“Green” agents (e.g., adjuvants, surfactants, solvents) can reduce the overall environmental footprint of crop protection formulations. Green agents are biodegradable and generally derived from natural and/or sustainable sources, e.g. plant and animal sources. Specific examples are: vegetable oils, seed oils, and esters thereof, also alkoxylated alkyl polyglucosides.

For further information, see “Chemistry and Technology of Agrochemical Formulations” edited by D. A. Knowles, copyright 1998 by Kluwer Academic Publishers. Also see “Insecticides in Agriculture and Environment—Retrospects and Prospects” by A. S. Perry, I. Yamamoto, I. Ishaaya, and R. Perry, copyright 1998 by Springer-Verlag.

Pests

In general, the molecules of Formula One may be used to control pests e.g. beetles, earwigs, cockroaches, flies, aphids, scales, whiteflies, leafhoppers, ants, wasps, termites, moths, butterflies, lice, grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, fleas, thrips, bristletails, mites, ticks, nematodes, and symphylans.

In another embodiment, the molecules of Formula One may be used to control pests in the Phyla Nematoda and/or Arthropoda.

In another embodiment, the molecules of Formula One may be used to control pests in the Subphyla Chelicerata, Myriapoda, and/or Hexapoda.

In another embodiment, the molecules of Formula One may be used to control pests in the Classes of Arachnida, Symphyla, and/or Insecta.

In another embodiment, the molecules of Formula One may be used to control pests of the Order Anoplura. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Haematopinus spp., Hoplopleura spp., Linognathus spp., Pediculus spp., and Polyplax spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Haematopinus asini, Haematopinus suis, Linognathus setosus, Linognathus ovillus, Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus humanus, and Pthirus pubis.

In another embodiment, the molecules of Formula One may be used to control pests in the Order Coleoptera. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Acanthoscelides spp., Agriotes spp., Anthonomus spp., Apion spp., Apogonia spp., Aulacophora spp., Bruchus spp., Cerosterna spp., Cerotoma spp., Ceutorhynchus spp., Chaetocnema spp., Colaspis spp., Ctenicera spp., Curculio spp., Cyclocephala spp., Diabrotica spp., Hypera spp., Ips spp., Lyctus spp., Megascelis spp., Meligethes spp., Otiorhynchus spp., Pantomorus spp., Phyllophaga spp., Phyllotreta spp., Rhizotrogus spp., Rhynchites spp., Rhynchophorus spp., Scolytus spp., Sphenophorus spp., Sitophilus spp., and Tribolium spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Acanthoscelides obtectus, Agrilus planipennis, Anoplophora glabripennis, Anthonomus grandis, Ataenius spretulus, Atomaria linearis, Bothynoderes punctiventris, Bruchus pisorum, Callosobruchus maculatus, Carpophilus hemipterus, Cassida vittata, Cerotoma trifurcata, Ceutorhynchus assimilis, Ceutorhynchus napi, Conoderus scalaris, Conoderus stigmosus, Conotrachelus nenuphar, Cotinis nitida, Crioceris asparagi, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Cryptolestes pusillus, Cryptolestes turcicus, Cylindrocopturus adspersus, Deporaus marginatus, Dermestes lardarius, Dermestes maculatus, Epilachna varivestis, Faustinus cubae, Hylobius pales, Hypera postica, Hypothenemus hampei, Lasioderma serricorne, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Liogenys fuscus, Liogenys suturalis, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Maecolaspis joliveti, Melanotus communis, Meligethes aeneus, Melolontha melolontha, Oberea brevis, Oberea linearis, Oryctes rhinoceros, Oryzaephilus mercator, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Oulema melanopus, Oulema oryzae, Phyllophaga cuyabana, Popillia japonica, Prostephanus truncatus, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitona lineatus, Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus zeamais, Stegobium paniceum, Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum, Trogoderma variabile, and Zabrus tenebrioides.

In another embodiment, the molecules of Formula One may be used to control pests of the Order Dermaptera.

In another embodiment, the molecules of Formula One may be used to control pests of the Order Blattaria. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Blattella germanica, Blatta orientalis, Parcoblatta pennsylvanica, Periplaneta americana, Periplaneta australasiae, Periplaneta brunnea, Periplaneta fuliginosa, Pycnoscelus surinamensis, and Supella longipalpa.

In another embodiment, the molecules of Formula One may be used to control pests of the Order Diptera. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Aedes spp., Agromyza spp., Anastrepha spp., Anopheles spp., Bactrocera spp., Ceratitis spp., Chrysops spp., Cochliomyia spp., Contarinia spp., Culex spp., Dasineura spp., Delia spp., Drosophila spp., Fannia spp., Hylemyia spp., Liriomyza spp., Musca spp., Phorbia spp., Tabanus spp., and Tipula spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Agromyza frontella, Anastrepha suspensa, Anastrepha ludens, Anastrepha obliqa, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera invadens, Bactrocera zonata, Ceratitis capitata, Dasineura brassicae, Delia platura, Fannia canicularis, Fannia scalaris, Gasterophilus intestinalis, Gracillia perseae, Haematobia irritans, Hypoderma lineatum, Liriomyza brassicae, Melophagus ovinus, Musca autumnalis, Musca domestica, Oestrus ovis, Oscinella frit, Pegomya betae, Psila rosae, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhagoletis pomonella, Rhagoletis mendax, Sitodiplosis mosellana, and Stomoxys calcitrans.

In another embodiment, the molecules of Formula One may be used to control pests of the Order Hemiptera. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Adelges spp., Aulacaspis spp., Aphrophora spp., Aphis spp., Bemisia spp., Ceroplastes spp., Chionaspis spp., Chrysomphalus spp., Coccus spp., Empoasca spp., Lepidosaphes spp., Lagynotomus spp., Lygus spp., Macrosiphum spp., Nephotettix spp., Nezara spp., Philaenus spp., Phytocoris spp., Piezodorus spp., Planococcus spp., Pseudococcus spp., Rhopalosiphum spp., Saissetia spp., Therioaphis spp., Toumeyella spp., Toxoptera spp., Trialeurodes spp., Triatoma spp. and Unaspis spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Acrosternum hilare, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aleyrodes proletella, Aleurodicus dispersus, Aleurothrixus floccosus, Amrasca biguttula biguttula, Aonidiella aurantii, Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, Aphis pomi, Aulacorthum solani, Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Blissus leucopterus, Brachycorynella asparagi, Brevennia rehi, Brevicoryne brassicae, Calocoris norvegicus, Ceroplastes rubens, Cimex hemipterus, Cimex lectularius, Dagbertus fasciatus, Dichelops furcatus, Diuraphis noxia, Diaphorina citri, Dysaphis plantaginea, Dysdercus suturellus, Edessa meditabunda, Eriosoma lanigerum, Eurygaster maura, Euschistus heros, Euschistus servus, Helopeltis antonii, Helopeltis theivora, Icerya purchasi, Idioscopus nitidulus, Laodelphax striatellus, Leptocorisa oratorius, Leptocorisa varicornis, Lygus hesperus, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Macrosiphum granarium, Macrosiphum rosae, Macrosteles quadrilineatus, Mahanarva frimbiolata, Metopolophium dirhodum, Mictis longicornis, Myzus persicae, Nephotettix cinctipes, Neurocolpus longirostris, Nezara viridula, Nilaparvata lugens, Parlatoria pergandii, Parlatoria ziziphi, Peregrinus maidis, Phylloxera vitifoliae, Physokermes piceae, Phytocoris californicus, Phytocoris relativus, Piezodorus guildinii, Poecilocapsus lineatus, Psallus vaccinicola, Pseudacysta perseae, Pseudococcus brevipes, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi, Saissetia oleae, Scaptocoris castanea, Schizaphis graminum, Sitobion avenae, Sogatella furcifera, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Trialeurodes abutiloneus, Unaspis yanonensis, and Zulia entrerriana.

In another embodiment, the molecules of Formula One may be used to control pests of the Order Hymenoptera. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Acromyrmex spp., Atta spp., Camponotus spp., Diprion spp., Formica spp., Monomorium spp., Neodiprion spp., Pogonomyrmex spp., Polistes spp., Solenopsis spp., Vespula spp., and Xylocopa spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Athalia rosae, Atta texana, Iridomyrmex humilis, Monomorium minimum, Monomorium pharaonis, Solenopsis invicta, Solenopsis geminata, Solenopsis molesta, Solenopsis richtery, Solenopsis xyloni, and Tapinoma sessile.

In another embodiment, the molecules of Formula One may be used to control pests of the Order Isoptera. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Coptotermes spp., Cornitermes spp., Cryptotermes spp., Heterotermes spp., Kalotermes spp., Incisitermes spp., Macrotermes spp., Marginitermes spp., Microcerotermes spp., Procornitermes spp., Reticulitermes spp., Schedorhinotermes spp., and Zootermopsis spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Coptotermes curvignathus, Coptotermes frenchi, Coptotermes formosanus, Heterotermes aureus, Microtermes obesi, Reticulitermes banyulensis, Reticulitermes grassei, Reticulitermes flavipes, Reticulitermes hageni, Reticulitermes hesperus, Reticulitermes santonensis, Reticulitermes speratus, Reticulitermes tibialis, and Reticulitermes virginicus.

In another embodiment, the molecules of Formula One may be used to control pests of the Order Lepidoptera. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Adoxophyes spp., Agrotis spp., Argyrotaenia spp., Cacoecia spp., Caloptilia spp., Chilo spp., Chrysodeixis spp., Colias spp., Crambus spp., Diaphania spp., Diatraea spp., Earias spp., Ephestia spp., Epimecis spp., Feltia spp., Gortyna spp., Helicoverpa spp., Heliothis spp., Indarbela spp., Lithocolletis spp., Loxagrotis spp., Malacosoma spp., Peridroma spp., Phyllonorycter spp., Pseudaletia spp., Sesamia spp., Spodoptera spp., Synanthedon spp., and Yponomeuta spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Achaea janata, Adoxophyes orana, Agrotis ipsilon, Alabama argillacea, Amorbia cuneana, Amyelois transitella, Anacamptodes defectaria, Anarsia lineatella, Anomis sabulifera, Anticarsia gemmatalis, Archips argyrospila, Archips rosana, Argyrotaenia citrana, Autographa gamma, Bonagota cranaodes, Borbo cinnara, Bucculatrix thurberiella, Capua reticulana, Carposina niponensis, Chlumetia transversa, Choristoneura rosaceana, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Conopomorpha cramerella, Cossus cossus, Cydia caryana, Cydia funebrana, Cydia molesta, Cydia nigricana, Cydia pomonella, Darna diducta, Diatraea saccharalis, Diatraea grandiosella, Earias insulana, Earias vittella, Ecdytolopha aurantianum, Elasmopalpus lignosellus, Ephestia cautella, Ephestia elutella, Ephestia kuehniella, Epinotia aporema, Epiphyas postvittana, Erionota thrax, Eupoecilia ambiguella, Euxoa auxiliaris, Grapholita molesta, Hedylepta indicata, Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis virescens, Hellula undalis, Keiferia lycopersicella, Leucinodes orbonalis, Leucoptera coffeella, Leucoptera malifoliella, Lobesia botrana, Loxagrotis albicosta, Lymantria dispar, Lyonetia clerkella, Mahasena corbetti, Mamestra brassicae, Maruca testulalis, Metisa plana, Mythimna unipuncta, Neoleucinodes elegantalis, Nymphula depunctalis, Operophtera brumata, Ostrinia nubilalis, Oxydia vesulia, Pandemis cerasana, Pandemis heparana, Papilio demodocus, Pectinophora gossypiella, Peridroma saucia, Perileucoptera coffeella, Phthorimaea operculella, Phyllocnistis citrella, Pieris rapae, Plathypena scabra, Plodia interpunctella, Plutella xylostella, Polychrosis viteana, Prays endocarpa, Prays oleae, Pseudaletia unipuncta, Pseudoplusia includens, Rachiplusia nu, Scirpophaga incertulas, Sesamia inferens, Sesamia nonagrioides, Setora nitens, Sitotroga cerealella, Sparganothis pilleriana, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, Thecla basilides, Tineola bisselliella, Trichoplusia ni, Tuta absoluta, Zeuzera coffeae, and Zeuzera pyrina.

In another embodiment, the molecules of Formula One may be used to control pests of the Order Mallophaga. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Anaticola spp., Bovicola spp., Chelopistes spp., Goniodes spp., Menacanthus spp., and Trichodectes spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Bovicola bovis, Bovicola caprae, Bovicola ovis, Chelopistes meleagridis, Goniodes dissimilis, Goniodes gigas, Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, and Trichodectes canis.

In another embodiment, the molecules of Formula One may be used to control pests of the Order Orthoptera. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Melanoplus spp., and Pterophylla spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Anabrus simplex, Gryllotalpa africana, Gryllotalpa australis, Gryllotalpa brachyptera, Gryllotalpa hexadactyla, Locusta migratoria, Microcentrum retinerve, Schistocerca gregaria, and Scudderia furcata.

In another embodiment, the molecules of Formula One may be used to control pests of the Order Siphonaptera. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Ceratophyllus gallinae, Ceratophyllus niger, Ctenocephalides canis, Ctenocephalides felis, and Pulex irritans.

In another embodiment, the molecules of Formula One may be used to control pests of the Order Thysanoptera. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Caliothrips spp., Frankliniella spp., Scirtothrips spp., and Thrips spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular sp. includes, but is not limited to, Frankliniella fusca, Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella schultzei, Frankliniella williamsi, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips citri, Scirtothrips dorsalis, and Taeniothrips rhopalantennalis, Thrips hawaiiensis, Thrips nigropilosus, Thrips orientalis, Thrips tabaci.

In another embodiment, the molecules of Formula One may be used to control pests of the Order Thysanura. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Lepisma spp. and Thermobia spp.

In another embodiment, the molecules of Formula One may be used to control pests of the Order Acarina. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Acarus spp., Aculops spp., Boophilus spp., Demodex spp., Dermacentor spp., Epitrimerus spp., Eriophyes spp., Ixodes spp., Oligonychus spp., Panonychus spp., Rhizoglyphus spp., and Tetranychus spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Acarapis woodi, Acarus siro, Aceria mangiferae, Aculops lycopersici, Aculus pelekassi, Aculus schlechtendali, Amblyomma americanum, Brevipalpus obovatus, Brevipalpus phoenicis, Dermacentor variabilis, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Eotetranychus carpini, Notoedres cati, Oligonychus coffeae, Oligonychus ilicis, Panonychus citri, Panonychus ulmi, Phyllocoptruta oleivora, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Sarcoptes scabiei, Tegolophus perseaflorae, Tetranychus urticae, and Varroa destructor.

In another embodiment, the molecules of Formula One may be used to control pest of the Order Symphyla. A non-exhaustive list of particular sp. includes, but is not limited to, Scutigerella immaculata.

In another embodiment, the molecules of Formula One may be used to control pests of the Phylum Nematoda. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Aphelenchoides spp., Belonolaimus spp., Criconemella spp., Ditylenchus spp., Heterodera spp., Hirschmanniella spp., Hoplolaimus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., and Radopholus spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular sp. includes, but is not limited to, Dirofilaria immitis, Heterodera zeae, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica, Onchocerca volvulus, Radopholus similis, and Rotylenchulus reniformis.

For additional information consult “HANDBOOK OF PEST CONTROL—THE BEHAVIOR, LIFE HISTORY, AND CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD PESTS” by Arnold Mallis, 9th Edition, copyright 2004 by GIE Media Inc.

Applications

Molecules of Formula One are generally used in amounts from about 0.01 grams per hectare to about 5000 grams per hectare to provide control. Amounts from about 0.1 grams per hectare to about 500 grams per hectare are generally preferred, and amounts from about 1 gram per hectare to about 50 grams per hectare are generally more preferred.

The area to which a molecule of Formula One is applied can be any area inhabited (or maybe inhabited, or traversed by) a pest, for example: where crops, trees, fruits, cereals, fodder species, vines, turf and ornamental plants, are growing; where domesticated animals are residing; the interior or exterior surfaces of buildings (such as places where grains are stored), the materials of construction used in building (such as impregnated wood), and the soil around buildings. Particular crop areas to use a molecule of Formula One include areas where apples, corn, sunflowers, cotton, soybeans, canola, wheat, rice, sorghum, barley, oats, potatoes, oranges, alfalfa, lettuce, strawberries, tomatoes, peppers, crucifers, pears, tobacco, almonds, sugar beets, beans and other valuable crops are growing or the seeds thereof are going to be planted. It is also advantageous to use ammonium sulfate with a molecule of Formula One when growing various plants.

Controlling pests generally means that pest populations, pest activity, or both, are reduced in an area. This can come about when: pest populations are repulsed from an area; when pests are incapacitated in or around an area; or pests are exterminated, in whole, or in part, in or around an area. Of course, a combination of these results can occur. Generally, pest populations, activity, or both are desirably reduced more than fifty percent, preferably more than 90 percent. Generally, the area is not in or on a human; consequently, the locus is generally a non-human area.

The molecules of Formula One may be used in mixtures, applied simultaneously or sequentially, alone or with other compounds to enhance plant vigor (e.g. to grow a better root system, to better withstand stressful growing conditions). Such other compounds are, for example, compounds that modulate plant ethylene receptors, most notably 1-methylcyclopropene (also known as 1-MCP). Furthermore, such molecules may be used during times when pest activity is low, such as before the plants that are growing begin to produce valuable agricultural commodities. Such times include the early planting season when pest pressure is usually low.

The molecules of Formula One can be applied to the foliar and fruiting portions of plants to control pests. The molecules will either come in direct contact with the pest, or the pest will consume the pesticide when eating leaf, fruit mass, or extracting sap, that contains the pesticide. The molecules of Formula One can also be applied to the soil, and when applied in this manner, root and stem feeding pests can be controlled. The roots can absorb a molecule taking it up into the foliar portions of the plant to control above ground chewing and sap feeding pests.

Generally, with baits, the baits are placed in the ground where, for example, termites can come into contact with, and/or be attracted to, the bait. Baits can also be applied to a surface of a building, (horizontal, vertical, or slant surface) where, for example, ants, termites, cockroaches, and flies, can come into contact with, and/or be attracted to, the bait. Baits can comprise a molecule of Formula One.

The molecules of Formula One can be encapsulated inside, or placed on the surface of a capsule. The size of the capsules can range from nanometer size (about 100-900 nanometers in diameter) to micrometer size (about 10-900 microns in diameter).

Because of the unique ability of the eggs of some pests to resist certain pesticides, repeated applications of the molecules of Formula One may be desirable to control newly emerged larvae.

Systemic movement of pesticides in plants may be utilized to control pests on one portion of the plant by applying (for example by spraying an area) the molecules of Formula One to a different portion of the plant. For example, control of foliar-feeding insects can be achieved by drip irrigation or furrow application, by treating the soil with for example pre- or post-planting soil drench, or by treating the seeds of a plant before planting.

Seed treatment can be applied to all types of seeds, including those from which plants genetically modified to express specialized traits will germinate. Representative examples include those expressing proteins toxic to invertebrate pests, such as Bacillus thuringiensis or other insecticidal toxins, those expressing herbicide resistance, such as “Roundup Ready” seed, or those with “stacked” foreign genes expressing insecticidal toxins, herbicide resistance, nutrition-enhancement, drought resistance, or any other beneficial traits. Furthermore, such seed treatments with the molecules of Formula One may further enhance the ability of a plant to better withstand stressful growing conditions. This results in a healthier, more vigorous plant, which can lead to higher yields at harvest time. Generally, about 1 gram of the molecules of Formula One to about 500 grams per 100,000 seeds is expected to provide good benefits, amounts from about 10 grams to about 100 grams per 100,000 seeds is expected to provide better benefits, and amounts from about 25 grams to about 75 grams per 100,000 seeds is expected to provide even better benefits.

It should be readily apparent that the molecules of Formula One may be used on, in, or around plants genetically modified to express specialized traits, such as Bacillus thuringiensis or other insecticidal toxins, or those expressing herbicide resistance, or those with “stacked” foreign genes expressing insecticidal toxins, herbicide resistance, nutrition-enhancement, or any other beneficial traits.

The molecules of Formula One may be used for controlling endoparasites and ectoparasites in the veterinary medicine sector or in the field of non-human animal keeping. The molecules of Formula One are applied, such as by oral administration in the form of, for example, tablets, capsules, drinks, granules, by dermal application in the form of, for example, dipping, spraying, pouring on, spotting on, and dusting, and by parenteral administration in the form of, for example, an injection.

The molecules of Formula One may also be employed advantageously in livestock keeping, for example, cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens, and geese. They may also be employed advantageously in pets such as, horses, dogs, and cats. Particular pests to control would be fleas and ticks that are bothersome to such animals. Suitable formulations are administered orally to the animals with the drinking water or feed. The dosages and formulations that are suitable depend on the species.

The molecules of Formula One may also be used for controlling parasitic worms, especially of the intestine, in the animals listed above.

The molecules of Formula One may also be employed in therapeutic methods for human health care. Such methods include, but are limited to, oral administration in the form of, for example, tablets, capsules, drinks, granules, and by dermal application.

Pests around the world have been migrating to new environments (for such pest) and thereafter becoming a new invasive species in such new environment. The molecules of Formula One may also be used on such new invasive species to control them in such new environment.

The molecules of Formula One may also be used in an area where plants, such as crops, are growing (e.g. pre-planting, planting, pre-harvesting) and where there are low levels (even no actual presence) of pests that can commercially damage such plants. The use of such molecules in such area is to benefit the plants being grown in the area. Such benefits, may include, but are not limited to, improving the health of a plant, improving the yield of a plant (e.g. increased biomass and/or increased content of valuable ingredients), improving the vigor of a plant (e.g. improved plant growth and/or greener leaves), improving the quality of a plant (e.g. improved content or composition of certain ingredients), and improving the tolerance to abiotic and/or biotic stress of the plant.

Before a pesticide can be used or sold commercially, such pesticide undergoes lengthy evaluation processes by various governmental authorities (local, regional, state, national, and international). Voluminous data requirements are specified by regulatory authorities and must be addressed through data generation and submission by the product registrant or by a third party on the product registrant's behalf, often using a computer with a connection to the World Wide Web. These governmental authorities then review such data and if a determination of safety is concluded, provide the potential user or seller with product registration approval. Thereafter, in that locality where the product registration is granted and supported, such user or seller may use or sell such pesticide.

A molecule according to Formula One can be tested to determine its efficacy against pests. Furthermore, mode of action studies can be conducted to determine if said molecule has a different mode of action than other pesticides. Thereafter, such acquired data can be disseminated, such as by the internet, to third parties.

The headings in this document are for convenience only and must not be used to interpret any portion hereof.

Table Section

Lengthy table referenced here US20120110702A1-20120503-T00001 Please refer to the end of the specification for access instructions.

Lengthy table referenced here US20120110702A1-20120503-T00002 Please refer to the end of the specification for access instructions.

Lengthy table referenced here US20120110702A1-20120503-T00003 Please refer to the end of the specification for access instructions.

Lengthy table referenced here US20120110702A1-20120503-T00004 Please refer to the end of the specification for access instructions.

LENGTHY TABLES The patent application contains a lengthy table section. A copy of the table is available in electronic form from the USPTO web site (http://seqdata.uspto.gov/?pageRequest=docDetail&DocID=US20120110702A1). An electronic copy of the table will also be available from the USPTO upon request and payment of the fee set forth in 37 CFR 1.19(b)(3). 

1. A composition comprising a molecule according to

wherein (a) A is either

(b) R1 is H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, OR9, C(═X1)R9, C(═X1)OR9, C(═X1)N(R9)₂, N(R9)₂, N(R9)C(═X1)R9, SR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, S(O)_(n)N(R9)₂, or R9S(O)_(n)R9, wherein each said R1, which is substituted, has one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkenyl, OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, (each of which that can be substituted, may optionally be substituted with R9); (c) R2 is H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, OR9, C(═X1)R9, C(═X1)OR9, C(═X1)N(R9)₂, N(R9)₂, N(R9)C(═X1)R9, SR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, or R9S(O)_(n)R9, wherein each said R2, which is substituted, has one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkenyl, OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, (each of which that can be substituted, may optionally be substituted with R9); (d) R3 is H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, OR9, C(═X1)R9, C(═X1)OR9, C(═X1)N(R9)₂, N(R9)₂, N(R9)C(═X1)R9, SR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, or R9S(O)_(n)R9, wherein each said R3, which is substituted, has one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkenyl, OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, (each of which that can be substituted, may optionally be substituted with R9); (e) when A is (1) A1 then A1 is either (a) A11

where R4 is H, NO₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, C(═X1)R9, C(═X1)OR9, C(═X1)N(R9)₂, N(R9)₂, N(R9)C(═X1)R9, S(O)_(n)OR9, or R9S(O)_(n)R9, wherein each said R4, which is substituted, has one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkenyl, OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, (each of which that can be substituted, may optionally be substituted with R9), or (b) A12

where R4 is a C₁-C₆ alkyl, (2) A2 then R4 is H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, OR9, C(═X1)R9, C(═X1)OR9, C(═X1)N(R9)₂, N(R9)₂, N(R9)C(═X1)R9, SR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, or R9S(O)_(n)R9, wherein each said R4, which is substituted, has one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkenyl, OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, (each of which that can be substituted, may optionally be substituted with R9); (f) R5 is H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, OR9, C(═X1)R9, C(═X1)OR9, C(═X1)N(R9)₂, N(R9)₂, N(R9)C(═X1)R9, SR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, or R9S(O)_(n)R9, wherein each said R5, which is substituted, has one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkenyl, OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, or C₆-C₂₀ aryl, (each of which that can be substituted, may optionally be substituted with R9); (g) (1) when A is A1 then R6 is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, OR9, C(═X1)R9, C(═X1)OR9, C(═X1)N(R9)₂, N(R9)₂, N(R9)C(═X1)R9, SR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, R9S(O)_(n)R9, C₁-C₆ alkyl C₆-C₂₀ aryl (wherein the alkyl and aryl can independently be substituted or unsubstituted), C(═X2)R9, C(═X1)X2R9, R9X2C(═X1)R9, R9X2R9, C(═O)(C₁-C₆ alkyl)S(O)_(n)(C₁-C₆ alkyl), C(═O)(C₁-C₆ alkyl)C(═O)O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), (C₁-C₆ alkyl)OC(═O)(C₆-C₂₀ aryl), (C₁-C₆ alkyl)OC(═O)(C₁-C₆ alkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl-(C₃-C₁₀ cyclohaloalkyl), or (C₁-C₆ alkenyl)C(═O)O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or R9X2C(═X1)X2R9, wherein each said R6, which is substituted, has one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkenyl, OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, R9aryl, (each of which that can be substituted, may optionally be substituted with R9), optionally R6 and R8 can be connected in a cyclic arrangement, where optionally such arrangement can have one or more heteroatoms selected from O, S, or, N, in the cyclic structure connecting R6 and R8, and (2) when A is A2 then R6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, OR9, C(═X1)R9, C(═X1)OR9, C(═X1)N(R9)₂, N(R9)₂, N(R9)C(═X1)R9, SR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, R9S(O)_(n)R9, C₁-C₆ alkyl C₆-C₂₀ aryl (wherein the alkyl and aryl can independently be substituted or unsubstituted), C(═X2)R9, C(═X1)X2R9, R9X2C(═X1)R9, R9X2R9, C(═O)(C₁-C₆ alkyl)S(O)_(n)(C₁-C₆ alkyl), C(═O)(C₁-C₆ alkyl)C(═O)O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), (C₁-C₆ alkyl)OC(═O)(C₆-C₂₀ aryl), (C₁-C₆ alkyl)OC(═O)(C₁-C₆ alkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl-(C₃-C₁₀ cyclohaloalkyl), or (C₁-C₆ alkenyl)C(═O)O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or R9X2C(═X1)X2R9, wherein each said R6, which is substituted, has one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkenyl, OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, R9aryl, (each of which that can be substituted, may optionally be substituted with R9), optionally R6 and R8 can be connected in a cyclic arrangement, where optionally such arrangement can have one or more heteroatoms selected from O, S, or N, in the cyclic structure connecting R6 and R8; (h) R7 is O, S, NR9, or NOR9; (i) R8 is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl OR9, OR9S(O)_(n)R9, C(═X1)R9, C(═X1)OR9, R9C(═X1)OR9, R9X2C(═X1)R9X2R9, C(═X1)N(R9)₂, N(R9)₂, N(R9)(R9S(O)_(n)R9), N(R9)C(═X1)R9, SR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, R9S(O)_(n)R9, or R9S(O)_(n)(NZ)R9, wherein each said R8, which is substituted, has one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkenyl, N(R9)S(O)_(n)R9, oxo, OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, R9S(O)_(n)R9, S(O)_(n)R9, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, (each of which that can be substituted, may optionally be substituted with R9); (j) R9 is (each independently) H, CN, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, S(O)_(n)C₁-C₆ alkyl, N(C₁-C₆alkyl)₂, wherein each said R9, which is substituted, has one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkenyl, OC₁-C₆ alkyl, OC₁-C₆ haloalkyl, S(O)_(n)C₁-C₆alkyl, S(O)_(n)OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl; (k) n is 0, 1, or 2; (l) X is N or CR_(n1) where R_(n1) is H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, OR9, C(═X1)R9, C(═X1)OR9, C(═X1)N(R9)₂, N(R9)₂, N(R9)C(═X1)R9, SR9, S(O)_(n)R9, S(O)_(n)OR9, or R9S(O)_(n)R9, wherein each said R_(n1) which is substituted, has one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆ haloalkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ halocycloalkenyl, OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, (each of which that can be substituted, may optionally be substituted with R9); (m) X1 is (each independently) O or S; (n) X2 is (each independently) O, S, ═NR9, or ═NOR9; and (O) Z is CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl(R9), C(═X1)N(R9)₂; and (p) with the following provisos (1) that R6 and R8 cannot both be C(═O)CH₃, (2) that when A1 is A11 then R6 and R8 together do not form fused ring systems, (3) that R6 and R8 are not linked in a cyclic arrangement with only —CH₂—, (4) that when A is A2 then R5 is not C(═O)OH, (5) that when A is A2 and R6 is H then R8 is not a —(C₁-C₆ alkyl)-O-(substituted aryl), and (6) that when A is A2 then R6 is not —(C₁alkyl)(substituted aryl).
 2. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule said A is A1.
 3. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule said A is A2.
 4. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule said R1 is H.
 5. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule said R2 is H.
 6. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule said R3 is selected from H, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 7. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule said R3 is selected from H or CH₃.
 8. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule when said A is A1 then A1 is A11.
 9. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule when said A is A1, and A1 is A11, then R4 is selected from H, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl.
 10. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule when said when A is A1, and A1 is A11 then R4 is selected from CH₃, CH(CH₃)₂, or phenyl.
 11. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule when said when A is A1, and A1 is A12, then R4 is CH₃.
 12. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule when said A is A2 then R4 is selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, wherein each said R4, which is substituted, has one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, or I.
 13. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule when said A is A2 then R4 is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 14. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule when said A is A2 then R4 is H, CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH═CH₂, cyclopropyl, CH₂Cl, CF₃, or phenyl.
 15. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule when said A is A2 then R4 is Cl.
 16. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule said R5 is selected from H, F, Cl, Br, I, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy.
 17. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule said R5 is selected from H, OCH₂CH₃, F, Cl, Br, or CH₃.
 18. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule when said when A is A1 then R6 is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 19. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule when said when A is A2 then R6 is selected from is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C(═X1)R9, C(═X1)X2R9, R9X2R9, C(═O)(C₁-C₆ alkyl)S(O)_(n)(C₁-C₆ alkyl), (C₁-C₆ alkyl)OC(═O)(C₆-C₂₀ aryl), (C₁-C₆ alkyl)OC(═O)(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or R9X2C(═X1)X2R9.
 20. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule when said when A is A2 then R6 and R8 are connected in a cyclic arrangement, where optionally such arrangement can have one or more heteroatoms selected from O, S, or, N, in the cyclic structure connecting R6 and R8.
 21. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule said R6 is C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl-phenyl.
 22. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule said R6 is H, CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH(CH₃)₂, CH₂-phenyl, CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, CH₂cyclopropyl, C(═O)CH₂CH₂SCH₃, C(═O)OC(CH₃)₃, CH₂CH═CH₂, C(═O)OCH₂CH₃, C(═O)CH(CH₃)CH₂SCH₃, cyclopropyl, CD₃, CH₂C(═O)phenyl, C(═O)CH₃, C(═O)CH(CH₃)₂, CH₂C(═O)CH(CH₃)₂, CH₂C(═O)CH₃, C(═O)phenyl, CH₂OCH₃, CH₂C(═O)CH₂OCH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂OCH₃, CH₂C(═O)OCH(CH₃)₂, CH₂CH₂OCH₂OCH₃, CH₂CH₂OCH₃, CH₂CH₂C(═O)CH₃, CH₂CN.
 23. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule said R6 is methyl or ethyl.
 24. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule said R7 is O or S.
 25. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule said R8 is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, R9C(═X1)OR9, SR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, R9S(O)_(n)R9, or R9S(O)_(n)(NZ)R9.
 26. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule said R8 is CH(CH₃)CH₂SCH₃, CH(CH₃)₂, C(CH₃)₂CH₂SCH₃, CH₂CH₂SCH₃, CH₂CF₃, CH₂CH₂C(═O)OCH₃, N(H)(CH₂CH₂SCH₃), OCH₂CH₂SCH₃, CH(CH₂SCH₃)(CH₂-phenyl), thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, substituted-furanyl, CH₃, C(CH₃)₃, phenyl, CH₂CH₂OCH₃, pyridyl, CH₂CH(CH₃)SCH₃, OC(CH₃)₃, C(CH₃)₂CH₂SCH₃, CH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)SCH₃, CH(CH₃)CF₃, CH₂CH₂-thienyl, CH(CH₃)SCF₃, CH₂CH₂Cl, CH₂CH₂CH₂CF₃, CH₂CH₂S(═O)CH₃, CH(CH₃)CH₂S(═O)CH₃, CH₂CH₂S(═O)₂CH₃, CH(CH₃)CH₂S(═O)₂CH₃₉ NCH₂CH₃, N(H)(CH₂CH₂CH₃), C(CH₃)═C(H)(CH₃), N(H)(CH₂CH═CH₂), CH₂CH(CF₃)SCH₃, CH(CF₃)CH₂SCH₃, thietanyl, CH₂CH(CF₃)₂, CH₂CH₂CF(OCF₃)CF₃, CH₂CH₂CF(CF₃)CF₃, CF(CH₃)₂, CH(CH₃)phenyl-Cl, CH(CH₃)phenyl-F, CH(CH₃)phenyl-OCF₃, CH₂N(CH₃)(S(═O)₂N(CH₃)₂, CH(CH₃)OCH₂CH₂SCH₃, CH(CH₃)OCH₂CH₂OCH₃, OCH₃, CH(CH₃)SCH₃, CH₂SCH₃, N(H)CH₃, CH(Br)CH₂Br, or CH(CH₃)CH₂SCD₃.
 27. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule said R8 is selected from (substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)-S(O)_(n)-(substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl) wherein said substituents on said substituted alkyls are selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, N(R9)S(O)_(n)R9, OR9, S(O)_(n)OR9, R9S(O)_(n)R9, S(O)_(n)R9, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, or C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclyl, (each of which that can be substituted, may optionally be substituted with R9).
 28. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule said X is CR_(n1) where R_(n1) is H or halo.
 29. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule said X is CR_(n1) where R_(n1) is H or F.
 30. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule said X1 or X2 or both are O.
 31. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule has one of the following structures


32. A composition according to claim 1 further comprising: (a) one or more compounds having acaricidal, algicidal, avicidal, bactericidal, fungicidal, herbicidal, insecticidal, molluscicidal, nematicidal, rodenticidal, or virucidal properties; or (b) one or more compounds that are antifeedants, bird repellents, chemosterilants, herbicide safeners, insect attractants, insect repellents, mammal repellents, mating disrupters, plant activators, plant growth regulators, or synergists; or (c) both (a) and (b).
 33. A composition according to claim 1 wherein further comprising one or more compounds selected from: (3-ethoxypropyl)mercury bromide, 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,3-dichloropropene, 1-methylcyclopropene, 1-naphthol, 2-(octylthio)ethanol, 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid, 2,3,6-TBA, 2,3,6-TBA-dimethylammonium, 2,3,6-TBA-lithium, 2,3,6-TBA-potassium, 2,3,6-TBA-sodium, 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-T-2-butoxypropyl, 2,4,5-T-2-ethylhexyl, 2,4,5-T-3-butoxypropyl, 2,4,5-TB, 2,4,5-T-butomethyl, 2,4,5-T-butotyl, 2,4,5-T-butyl, 2,4,5-T-isobutyl, 2,4,5-T-isoctyl, 2,4,5-T-isopropyl, 2,4,5-T-methyl, 2,4,5-T-pentyl, 2,4,5-T-sodium, 2,4,5-T-triethylammonium, 2,4,5-T-trolamine, 2,4-D, 2,4-D-2-butoxypropyl, 2,4-D-2-ethylhexyl, 2,4-D-3-butoxypropyl, 2,4-D-ammonium, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DB-butyl, 2,4-DB-dimethylammonium, 2,4-DB-isoctyl, 2,4-DB-potassium, 2,4-DB-sodium, 2,4-D-butotyl, 2,4-D-butyl, 2,4-D-diethylammonium, 2,4-D-dimethylammonium, 2,4-D-diolamine, 2,4-D-dodecylammonium, 2,4-DEB, 2,4-DEP, 2,4-D-ethyl, 2,4-D-heptylammonium, 2,4-D-isobutyl, 2,4-D-isoctyl, 2,4-D-isopropyl, 2,4-D-isopropylammonium, 2,4-D-lithium, 2,4-D-meptyl, 2,4-D-methyl, 2,4-D-octyl, 2,4-D-pentyl, 2,4-D-potassium, 2,4-D-propyl, 2,4-D-sodium, 2,4-D-tefuryl, 2,4-D-tetradecylammonium, 2,4-D-triethylammonium, 2,4-D-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium, 2,4-D-trolamine, 21P, 2-methoxyethylmercury chloride, 2-phenylphenol, 3,4-DA, 3,4-DB, 3,4-DP, 4-aminopyridine, 4-CPA, 4-CPA-potassium, 4-CPA-sodium, 4-CPB, 4-CPP, 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol, 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate, 8-phenylmercurioxyquinoline, abamectin, abscisic acid, ACC, acephate, acequinocyl, acetamiprid, acethion, acetochlor, acetophos, acetoprole, acibenzolar, acibenzolar-5-methyl, acifluorfen, acifluorfen-methyl, acifluorfen-sodium, aclonifen, acrep, acrinathrin, acrolein, acrylonitrile, acypetacs, acypetacs-copper, acypetacs-zinc, alachlor, alanycarb, albendazole, aldicarb, aldimorph, aldoxycarb, aldrin, allethrin, allicin, allidochlor, allosamidin, alloxydim, alloxydim-sodium, allyl alcohol, allyxycarb, alorac, alpha-cypermethrin, alpha-endosulfan, ametoctradin, ametridione, ametryn, amibuzin, amicarbazone, amicarthiazol, amidithion, amidoflumet, amidosulfuron, aminocarb, aminocyclopyrachlor, aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl, aminocyclopyrachlor-potassium, aminopyralid, aminopyralid-potassium, aminopyralid-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium, amiprofos-methyl, amiprophos, amisulbrom, amiton, amiton oxalate, amitraz, amitrole, ammonium sulfamate, ammonium a-naphthaleneacetate, amobam, ampropylfos, anabasine, ancymidol, anilazine, anilofos, anisuron, anthraquinone, antu, apholate, aramite, arsenous oxide, asomate, aspirin, asulam, asulam-potassium, asulam-sodium, athidathion, atraton, atrazine, aureofungin, aviglycine, aviglycine hydrochloride, azaconazole, azadirachtin, azafenidin, azamethiphos, azimsulfuron, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, aziprotryne, azithiram, azobenzene, azocyclotin, azothoate, azoxystrobin, bachmedesh, barban, barium hexafluorosilicate, barium polysulfide, barthrin, BCPC, beflubutamid, benalaxyl, benalaxyl-M, benazolin, benazolin-dimethylammonium, benazolin-ethyl, benazolin-potassium, bencarbazone, benclothiaz, bendiocarb, benfluralin, benfuracarb, benfuresate, benodanil, benomyl, benoxacor, benoxafos, benquinox, bensulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, bensulide, bensultap, bentaluron, bentazone, bentazone-sodium, benthiavalicarb, benthiavalicarb-isopropyl, benthiazole, bentranil, benzadox, benzadox-ammonium, benzalkonium chloride, benzamacril, benzamacril-isobutyl, benzamorf, benzfendizone, benzipram, benzobicyclon, benzofenap, benzofluor, benzohydroxamic acid, benzoximate, benzoylprop, benzoylprop-ethyl, benzthiazuron, benzyl benzoate, benzyladenine, berberine, berberine chloride, beta-cyfluthrin, beta-cypermethrin, bethoxazin, bicyclopyrone, bifenazate, bifenox, bifenthrin, bifujunzhi, bilanafos, bilanafos-sodium, binapacryl, bingqingxiao, bioallethrin, bioethanomethrin, biopermethrin, bioresmethrin, biphenyl, bisazir, bismerthiazol, bispyribac, bispyribac-sodium, bistrifluoron, bitertanol, bithionol, bixafen, blasticidin-S, borax, Bordeaux mixture, boric acid, boscalid, brassinolide, brassinolide-ethyl, brevicomin, brodifacoum, brofenvalerate, brofluthrinate, bromacil, bromacil-lithium, bromacil-sodium, bromadiolone, bromethalin, bromethrin, bromfenvinfos, bromoacetamide, bromobonil, bromobutide, bromocyclen, bromo-DDT, bromofenoxim, bromophos, bromophos-ethyl, bromopropylate, bromothalonil, bromoxynil, bromoxynil butyrate, bromoxynil heptanoate, bromoxynil octanoate, bromoxynil-potassium, brompyrazon, bromuconazole, bronopol, bucarpolate, bufencarb, buminafos, bupirimate, buprofezin, Burgundy mixture, busulfan, butacarb, butachlor, butafenacil, butamifos, butathiofos, butenachlor, butethrin, buthidazole, buthiobate, buthiuron, butocarboxim, butonate, butopyronoxyl, butoxycarboxim, butralin, butroxydim, buturon, butylamine, butylate, cacodylic acid, cadusafos, cafenstrole, calcium arsenate, calcium chlorate, calcium cyanamide, calcium polysulfide, calvinphos, cambendichlor, camphechlor, camphor, captafol, captan, carbamorph, carbanolate, carbaryl, carbasulam, carbendazim, carbendazim benzenesulfonate, carbendazim sulfite, carbetamide, carbofuran, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, carbophenothion, carbosulfan, carboxazole, carboxide, carboxin, carfentrazone, carfentrazone-ethyl, carpropamid, cartap, cartap hydrochloride, carvacrol, carvone, CDEA, cellocidin, CEPC, ceralure, Cheshunt mixture, chinomethionat, chitosan, chlobenthiazone, chlomethoxyfen, chloralose, chloramben, chloramben-ammonium, chloramben-diolamine, chloramben-methyl, chloramben-methylammonium, chloramben-sodium, chloramine phosphorus, chloramphenicol, chloraniformethan, chloranil, chloranocryl, chlorantraniliprole, chlorazifop, chlorazifop-propargyl, chlorazine, chlorbenside, chlorbenzuron, chlorbicyclen, chlorbromuron, chlorbufam, chlordane, chlordecone, chlordimeform, chlordimeform hydrochloride, chlorempenthrin, chlorethoxyfos, chloreturon, chlorfenac, chlorfenac-ammonium, chlorfenac-sodium, chlorfenapyr, chlorfenazole, chlorfenethol, chlorfenprop, chlorfenson, chlorfensulphide, chlorfenvinphos, chlorfluazuron, chlorflurazole, chlorfluren, chlorfluren-methyl, chlorflurenol, chlorflurenol-methyl, chloridazon, chlorimuron, chlorimuron-ethyl, chlormephos, chlormequat, chlormequat chloride, chlornidine, chlornitrofen, chlorobenzilate, chlorodinitronaphthalenes, chloroform, chloromebuform, chloromethiuron, chloroneb, chlorophacinone, chlorophacinone-sodium, chloropicrin, chloropon, chloropropylate, chlorothalonil, chlorotoluron, chloroxuron, chloroxynil, chlorphonium, chlorphonium chloride, chlorphoxim, chlorprazophos, chlorprocarb, chlorpropham, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorquinox, chlorsulfuron, chlorthal, chlorthal-dimethyl, chlorthal-monomethyl, chlorthiamid, chlorthiophos, chlozolinate, choline chloride, chromafenozide, cinerin I, cinerin II, cinerins, cinidon-ethyl, cinmethylin, cinosulfuron, ciobutide, cisanilide, cismethrin, clethodim, climbazole, cliodinate, clodinafop, clodinafop-propargyl, cloethocarb, clofencet, clofencet-potassium, clofentezine, clofibric acid, clofop, clofop-isobutyl, clomazone, clomeprop, cloprop, cloproxydim, clopyralid, clopyralid-methyl, clopyralid-olamine, clopyralid-potassium, clopyralid-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium, cloquintocet, cloquintocet-mexyl, cloransulam, cloransulam-methyl, closantel, clothianidin, clotrimazole, cloxyfonac, cloxyfonac-sodium, CMA, codlelure, colophonate, copper acetate, copper acetoarsenite, copper arsenate, copper carbonate, basic, copper hydroxide, copper naphthenate, copper oleate, copper oxychloride, copper silicate, copper sulfate, copper zinc chromate, coumachlor, coumafuryl, coumaphos, coumatetralyl, coumithoate, coumoxystrobin, CPMC, CPMF, CPPC, credazine, cresol, crimidine, crotamiton, crotoxyphos, crufomate, cryolite, cue-lure, cufraneb, cumyluron, cuprobam, cuprous oxide, curcumenol, cyanamide, cyanatryn, cyanazine, cyanofenphos, cyanophos, cyanthoate, cyantraniliprole, cyazofamid, cybutryne, cyclafuramid, cyclanilide, cyclethrin, cycloate, cycloheximide, cycloprate, cycloprothrin, cyclosulfamuron, cycloxydim, cycluron, cyenopyrafen, cyflufenamid, cyflumetofen, cyfluthrin, cyhalofop, cyhalofop-butyl, cyhalothrin, cyhexatin, cymiazole, cymiazole hydrochloride, cymoxanil, cyometrinil, cypendazole, cypermethrin, cyperquat, cyperquat chloride, cyphenothrin, cyprazine, cyprazole, cyproconazole, cyprodinil, cyprofuram, cypromid, cyprosulfamide, cyromazine, cythioate, daimuron, dalapon, dalapon-calcium, dalapon-magnesium, dalapon-sodium, daminozide, dayoutong, dazomet, dazomet-sodium, DBCP, d-camphor, DCIP, DCPTA, DDT, debacarb, decafentin, decarbofuran, dehydroacetic acid, delachlor, deltamethrin, demephion, demephion-O, demephion-S, demeton, demeton-methyl, demeton-O, demeton-O-methyl, demeton-S, demeton-S-methyl, demeton-S-methylsulphon, desmedipham, desmetryn, d-fanshiluquebingjuzhi, diafenthiuron, dialifos, di-allate, diamidafos, diatomaceous earth, diazinon, dibutyl phthalate, dibutyl succinate, dicamba, dicamba-diglycolamine, dicamba-dimethylammonium, dicamba-diolamine, dicamba-isopropylammonium, dicamba-methyl, dicamba-olamine, dicamba-potassium, dicamba-sodium, dicamba-trolamine, dicapthon, dichlobenil, dichlofenthion, dichlofluanid, dichlone, dichloralurea, dichlorbenzuron, dichlorflurenol, dichlorflurenol-methyl, dichlormate, dichlormid, dichlorophen, dichlorprop, dichlorprop-2-ethylhexyl, dichlorprop-butotyl, dichlorprop-dimethylammonium, dichlorprop-ethylammonium, dichlorprop-isoctyl, dichlorprop-methyl, dichlorprop-P, dichlorprop-P-2-ethylhexyl, dichlorprop-P-dimethylammonium, dichlorprop-potassium, dichlorprop-sodium, dichlorvos, dichlozoline, diclobutrazol, diclocymet, diclofop, diclofop-methyl, diclomezine, diclomezine-sodium, dicloran, diclosulam, dicofol, dicoumarol, dicresyl, dicrotophos, dicyclanil, dicyclonon, dieldrin, dienochlor, diethamquat, diethamquat dichloride, diethatyl, diethatyl-ethyl, diethofencarb, dietholate, diethyl pyrocarbonate, diethyltoluamide, difenacoum, difenoconazole, difenopenten, difenopenten-ethyl, difenoxuron, difenzoquat, difenzoquat metilsulfate, difethialone, diflovidazin, diflubenzuron, diflufenican, diflufenzopyr, diflufenzopyr-sodium, diflumetorim, dikegulac, dikegulac-sodium, dilor, dimatif, dimefluthrin, dimefox, dimefuron, dimepiperate, dimetachlone, dimetan, dimethacarb, dimethachlor, dimethametryn, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, dimethipin, dimethirimol, dimethoate, dimethomorph, dimethrin, dimethyl carbate, dimethyl phthalate, dimethylvinphos, dimetilan, dimexano, dimidazon, dimoxystrobin, dinex, dinex-diclexine, dingjunezuo, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, dinitramine, dinobuton, dinocap, dinocap-4, dinocap-6, dinocton, dinofenate, dinopenton, dinoprop, dinosam, dinoseb, dinoseb acetate, dinoseb-ammonium, dinoseb-diolamine, dinoseb-sodium, dinoseb-trolamine, dinosulfon, dinotefuran, dinoterb, dinoterb acetate, dinoterbon, diofenolan, dioxabenzofos, dioxacarb, dioxathion, diphacinone, diphacinone-sodium, diphenamid, diphenyl sulfone, diphenylamine, dipropalin, dipropetryn, dipyrithione, diquat, diquat dibromide, disparlure, disul, disulfuram, disulfoton, disul-sodium, ditalimfos, dithianon, dithicrofos, dithioether, dithiopyr, diuron, d-limonene, DMPA, DNOC, DNOC-ammonium, DNOC-potassium, DNOC-sodium, dodemorph, dodemorph acetate, dodemorph benzoate, dodicin, dodicin hydrochloride, dodicin-sodium, dodine, dofenapyn, dominicalure, doramectin, drazoxolon, DSMA, dufulin, EBEP, EBP, ecdysterone, edifenphos, eglinazine, eglinazine-ethyl, emamectin, emamectin benzoate, EMPC, empenthrin, endosulfan, endothal, endothal-diammonium, endothal-dipotassium, endothal-disodium, endothion, endrin, enestroburin, EPN, epocholeone, epofenonane, epoxiconazole, eprinomectin, epronaz, EPTC, erbon, ergocalciferol, erlujixiancaoan, esdépalléthrine, esfenvalerate, esprocarb, etacelasil, etaconazole, etaphos, etem, ethaboxam, ethachlor, ethalfluralin, ethametsulfuron, ethametsulfuron-methyl, ethaprochlor, ethephon, ethidimuron, ethiofencarb, ethiolate, ethion, ethiozin, ethiprole, ethirimol, ethoate-methyl, ethofumesate, ethohexadiol, ethoprophos, ethoxyfen, ethoxyfen-ethyl, ethoxyquin, ethoxysulfuron, ethychlozate, ethyl formate, ethyl a-naphthaleneacetate, ethyl-DDD, ethylene, ethylene dibromide, ethylene dichloride, ethylene oxide, ethylicin, ethylmercury 2,3-dihydroxypropyl mercaptide, ethylmercury acetate, ethylmercury bromide, ethylmercury chloride, ethylmercury phosphate, etinofen, etnipromid, etobenzanid, etofenprox, etoxazole, etridiazole, etrimfos, eugenol, EXD, famoxadone, famphur, fenamidone, fenaminosulf, fenamiphos, fenapanil, fenarimol, fenasulam, fenazaflor, fenazaquin, fenbuconazole, fenbutatin oxide, fenchlorazole, fenchlorazole-ethyl, fenchlorphos, fenclorim, fenethacarb, fenfluthrin, fenfuram, fenhexamid, fenitropan, fenitrothion, fenjuntong, fenobucarb, fenoprop, fenoprop-3-butoxypropyl, fenoprop-butomethyl, fenoprop-butotyl, fenoprop-butyl, fenoprop-isoctyl, fenoprop-methyl, fenoprop-potassium, fenothiocarb, fenoxacrim, fenoxanil, fenoxaprop, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fenoxaprop-P, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, fenoxasulfone, fenoxycarb, fenpiclonil, fenpirithrin, fenpropathrin, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph, fenpyrazamine, fenpyroximate, fenridazon, fenridazon-potassium, fenridazon-propyl, fenson, fensulfothion, fenteracol, fenthiaprop, fenthiaprop-ethyl, fenthion, fenthion-ethyl, fentin, fentin acetate, fentin chloride, fentin hydroxide, fentrazamide, fentrifanil, fenuron, fenuron TCA, fenvalerate, ferbam, ferimzone, ferrous sulfate, fipronil, flamprop, flamprop-isopropyl, flamprop-M, flamprop-methyl, flamprop-M-isopropyl, flamprop-M-methyl, flazasulfuron, flocoumafen, flometoquin, flonicamid, florasulam, fluacrypyrim, fluazifop, fluazifop-butyl, fluazifop-methyl, fluazifop-P, fluazifop-P-butyl, fluazinam, fluazolate, fluazuron, flubendiamide, flubenzimine, flucarbazone, flucarbazone-sodium, flucetosulfuron, fluchloralin, flucofuron, flucycloxuron, flucythrinate, fludioxonil, fluenetil, fluensulfone, flufenacet, flufenerim, flufenican, flufenoxuron, flufenprox, flufenpyr, flufenpyr-ethyl, flufiprole, flumethrin, flumetover, flumetralin, flumetsulam, flumezin, flumiclorac, flumiclorac-pentyl, flumioxazin, flumipropyn, flumorph, fluometuron, fluopicolide, fluopyram, fluorbenside, fluoridamid, fluoroacetamide, fluorodifen, fluoroglycofen, fluoroglycofen-ethyl, fluoroimide, fluoromidine, fluoronitrofen, fluothiuron, fluotrimazole, fluoxastrobin, flupoxam, flupropacil, flupropadine, flupropanate, flupropanate-sodium, flupyradifurone, flupyrsulfuron, flupyrsulfuron-methyl, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-sodium, fluquinconazole, flurazole, flurenol, flurenol-butyl, flurenol-methyl, fluridone, fluorochloridone, fluoroxypyr, fluoroxypyr-butomethyl, fluoroxypyr-meptyl, flurprimidol, flursulamid, flurtamone, flusilazole, flusulfamide, fluthiacet, fluthiacet-methyl, flutianil, flutolanil, flutriafol, fluvalinate, fluxapyroxad, fluxofenim, folpet, fomesafen, fomesafen-sodium, fonofos, foramsulfuron, forchlorfenuron, formaldehyde, formetanate, formetanate hydrochloride, formothion, formparanate, formparanate hydrochloride, fosamine, fosamine-ammonium, fosetyl, fosetyl-aluminium, fosmethilan, fospirate, fosthiazate, fosthietan, frontalin, fuberidazole, fucaojing, fucaomi, funaihecaoling, fuphenthiourea, furalane, furalaxyl, furamethrin, furametpyr, furathiocarb, furcarbanil, furconazole, furconazole-cis, furethrin, furfural, furilazole, furmecyclox, furophanate, furyloxyfen, gamma-cyhalothrin, gamma-HCH, genit, gibberellic acid, gibberellins, gliftor, glufosinate, glufosinate-ammonium, glufosinate-P, glufosinate-P-ammonium, glufosinate-P-sodium, glyodin, glyoxime, glyphosate, glyphosate-diammonium, glyphosate-dimethylammonium, glyphosate-isopropylammonium, glyphosate-monoammonium, glyphosate-potassium, glyphosate-sesquisodium, glyphosate-trimesium, glyphosine, gossyplure, grandlure, griseofulvin, guazatine, guazatine acetates, halacrinate, halfenprox, halofenozide, halosafen, halosulfuron, halosulfuron-methyl, haloxydine, haloxyfop, haloxyfop-etotyl, haloxyfop-methyl, haloxyfop-P, haloxyfop-P-etotyl, haloxyfop-P-methyl, haloxyfop-sodium, HCH, hemel, hempa, HEOD, heptachlor, heptenophos, heptopargil, heterophos, hexachloroacetone, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorobutadiene, hexachlorophene, hexaconazole, hexaflumuron, hexaflurate, hexylure, hexamide, hexazinone, hexylthiofos, hexythiazox, HHDN, holosulf, huancaiwo, huangcaoling, huanjunzuo, hydramethylnon, hydrargaphen, hydrated lime, hydrogen cyanide, hydroprene, hymexazol, hyquincarb, IAA, IBA, icaridin, imazalil, imazalil nitrate, imazalil sulfate, imazamethabenz, imazamethabenz-methyl, imazamox, imazamox-ammonium, imazapic, imazapic-ammonium, imazapyr, imazapyr-isopropylammonium, imazaquin, imazaquin-ammonium, imazaquin-methyl, imazaquin-sodium, imazethapyr, imazethapyr-ammonium, imazosulfuron, imibenconazole, imicyafos, imidacloprid, imidaclothiz, iminoctadine, iminoctadine triacetate, iminoctadine trialbesilate, imiprothrin, inabenfide, indanofan, indaziflam, indoxacarb, inezin, iodobonil, iodocarb, iodomethane, iodosulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, iofensulfuron, iofensulfuron-sodium, ioxynil, ioxynil octanoate, ioxynil-lithium, ioxynil-sodium, ipazine, ipconazole, ipfencarbazone, iprobenfos, iprodione, iprovalicarb, iprymidam, ipsdienol, ipsenol, IPSP, isamidofos, isazofos, isobenzan, isocarbamid, isocarbophos, isocil, isodrin, isofenphos, isofenphos-methyl, isolan, isomethiozin, isonoruron, isopolinate, isoprocarb, isopropalin, isoprothiolane, isoproturon, isopyrazam, isopyrimol, isothioate, isotianil, isouron, isovaledione, isoxaben, isoxachlortole, isoxadifen, isoxadifen-ethyl, isoxaflutole, isoxapyrifop, isoxathion, ivermectin, izopamfos, japonilure, japothrins, jasmolin I, jasmolin II, jasmonic acid, jiahuangchongzong, jiajizengxiaolin, jiaxiangjunzhi, jiecaowan, jiecaoxi, jodfenphos, juvenile hormone I, juvenile hormone II, juvenile hormone III, kadethrin, karbutilate, karetazan, karetazan-potassium, kasugamycin, kasugamycin hydrochloride, kejunlin, kelevan, ketospiradox, ketospiradox-potassium, kinetin, kinoprene, kresoxim-methyl, kuicaoxi, lactofen, lambda-cyhalothrin, latilure, lead arsenate, lenacil, lepimectin, leptophos, lindane, lineatin, linuron, lirimfos, litlure, looplure, lufenuron, lvdingjunzhi, lvxiancaolin, lythidathion, MAA, malathion, maleic hydrazide, malonoben, maltodextrin, MAMA, mancopper, mancozeb, mandipropamid, maneb, matrine, mazidox, MCPA, MCPA-2-ethylhexyl, MCPA-butotyl, MCPA-butyl, MCPA-dimethylammonium, MCPA-diolamine, MCPA-ethyl, MCPA-isobutyl, MCPA-isoctyl, MCPA-isopropyl, MCPA-methyl, MCPA-olamine, MCPA-potassium, MCPA-sodium, MCPA-thioethyl, MCPA-trolamine, MCPB, MCPB-ethyl, MCPB-methyl, MCPB-sodium, mebenil, mecarbam, mecarbinzid, mecarphon, mecoprop, mecoprop-2-ethylhexyl, mecoprop-dimethylammonium, mecoprop-diolamine, mecoprop-ethadyl, mecoprop-isoctyl, mecoprop-methyl, mecoprop-P, mecoprop-P-2-ethylhexyl, mecoprop-P-dimethylammonium, mecoprop-P-isobutyl, mecoprop-potassium, mecoprop-P-potassium, mecoprop-sodium, mecoprop-trolamine, medimeform, medinoterb, medinoterb acetate, medlure, mefenacet, mefenpyr, mefenpyr-diethyl, mefluidide, mefluidide-diolamine, mefluidide-potassium, megatomoic acid, menazon, mepanipyrim, meperfluthrin, mephenate, mephosfolan, mepiquat, mepiquat chloride, mepiquat pentaborate, mepronil, meptyldinocap, mercuric chloride, mercuric oxide, mercurous chloride, merphos, mesoprazine, mesosulfuron, mesosulfuron-methyl, mesotrione, mesulfen, mesulfenfos, metaflumizone, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M, metaldehyde, metam, metam-ammonium, metamifop, metamitron, metam-potassium, metam-sodium, metazachlor, metazosulfuron, metazoxolon, metconazole, metepa, metflurazon, methabenzthiazuron, methacrifos, methalpropalin, methamidophos, methasulfocarb, methazole, methfuroxam, methidathion, methiobencarb, methiocarb, methiopyrisulfuron, methiotepa, methiozolin, methiuron, methocrotophos, methometon, methomyl, methoprene, methoprotryne, methoquin-butyl, methothrin, methoxychlor, methoxyfenozide, methoxyphenone, methyl apholate, methyl bromide, methyl eugenol, methyl iodide, methyl isothiocyanate, methylacetophos, methylchloroform, methyldymron, methylene chloride, methylmercury benzoate, methylmercury dicyandiamide, methylmercury pentachlorophenoxide, methylneodecanamide, metiram, metobenzuron, metobromuron, metofluthrin, metolachlor, metolcarb, metominostrobin, metosulam, metoxadiazone, metoxuron, metrafenone, metribuzin, metsulfovax, metsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, mevinphos, mexacarbate, mieshuan, milbemectin, milbemycin oxime, milneb, mipafox, mirex, MNAF, moguchun, molinate, molosultap, monalide, monisouron, monochloroacetic acid, monocrotophos, monolinuron, monosulfuron, monosulfuron-ester, monuron, monuron TCA, morfamquat, morfamquat dichloride, moroxydine, moroxydine hydrochloride, morphothion, morzid, moxidectin, MSMA, muscalure, myclobutanil, myclozolin, N-(ethylmercury)-p-toluenesulphonanilide, nabam, naftalofos, naled, naphthalene, naphthaleneacetamide, naphthalic anhydride, naphthoxyacetic acids, naproanilide, napropamide, naptalam, naptalam-sodium, natamycin, neburon, niclosamide, niclosamide-olamine, nicosulfuron, nicotine, nifluridide, nipyraclofen, nitenpyram, nithiazine, nitralin, nitrapyrin, nitrilacarb, nitrofen, nitrofluorfen, nitrostyrene, nitrothal-isopropyl, norbormide, norflurazon, nornicotine, noruron, novaluron, noviflumuron, nuarimol, OCH, octachlorodipropyl ether, octhilinone, ofurace, omethoate, orbencarb, orfralure, ortho-dichlorobenzene, orthosulfamuron, oryctalure, orysastrobin, oryzalin, osthol, ostramone, oxabetrinil, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxadixyl, oxamate, oxamyl, oxapyrazon, oxapyrazon-dimolamine, oxapyrazon-sodium, oxasulfuron, oxaziclomefone, oxine-copper, oxolinic acid, oxpoconazole, oxpoconazole fumarate, oxycarboxin, oxydemeton-methyl, oxydeprofos, oxydisulfoton, oxyfluorfen, oxymatrine, oxytetracycline, oxytetracycline hydrochloride, paclobutrazol, paichongding, para-dichlorobenzene, parafluoron, paraquat, paraquat dichloride, paraquat dimetilsulfate, parathion, parathion-methyl, parinol, pebulate, pefurazoate, pelargonic acid, penconazole, pencycuron, pendimethalin, penflufen, penfluoron, penoxsulam, pentachlorophenol, pentanochlor, penthiopyrad, pentmethrin, pentoxazone, perfluidone, permethrin, pethoxamid, phenamacril, phenazine oxide, phenisopham, phenkapton, phenmedipham, phenmedipham-ethyl, phenobenzuron, phenothrin, phenproxide, phenthoate, phenylmercuriurea, phenylmercury acetate, phenylmercury chloride, phenylmercury derivative of pyrocatechol, phenylmercury nitrate, phenylmercury salicylate, phorate, phosacetim, phosalone, phosdiphen, phosfolan, phosfolan-methyl, phosglycin, phosmet, phosnichlor, phosphamidon, phosphine, phosphocarb, phosphorus, phostin, phoxim, phoxim-methyl, phthalide, picloram, picloram-2-ethylhexyl, picloram-isoctyl, picloram-methyl, picloram-olamine, picloram-potassium, picloram-triethylammonium, picloram-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium, picolinafen, picoxystrobin, pindone, pindone-sodium, pinoxaden, piperalin, piperonyl butoxide, piperonyl cyclonene, piperophos, piproctanyl, piproctanyl bromide, piprotal, pirimetaphos, pirimicarb, pirimioxyphos, pirimiphos-ethyl, pirimiphos-methyl, plifenate, polycarbamate, polyoxins, polyoxorim, polyoxorim-zinc, polythialan, potassium arsenite, potassium azide, potassium cyanate, potassium gibberellate, potassium naphthenate, potassium polysulfide, potassium thiocyanate, potassium a-naphthaleneacetate, pp′-DDT, prallethrin, precocene I, precocene II, precocene III, pretilachlor, primidophos, primisulfuron, primisulfuron-methyl, probenazole, prochloraz, prochloraz-manganese, proclonol, procyazine, procymidone, prodiamine, profenofos, profluazol, profluralin, profluthrin, profoxydim, proglinazine, proglinazine-ethyl, prohexadione, prohexadione-calcium, prohydrojasmon, promacyl, promecarb, prometon, prometryn, promurit, propachlor, propamidine, propamidine dihydrochloride, propamocarb, propamocarb hydrochloride, propanil, propaphos, propaquizafop, propargite, proparthrin, propazine, propetamphos, propham, propiconazole, propineb, propisochlor, propoxur, propoxycarbazone, propoxycarbazone-sodium, propyl isome, propyrisulfuron, propyzamide, proquinazid, prosuler, prosulfalin, prosulfocarb, prosulfuron, prothidathion, prothiocarb, prothiocarb hydrochloride, prothioconazole, prothiofos, prothoate, protrifenbute, proxan, proxan-sodium, prynachlor, pydanon, pymetrozine, pyracarbolid, pyraclofos, pyraclonil, pyraclostrobin, pyraflufen, pyraflufen-ethyl, pyrafluprole, pyramat, pyrametostrobin, pyraoxystrobin, pyrasulfotole, pyrazolynate, pyrazophos, pyrazosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, pyrazothion, pyrazoxyfen, pyresmethrin, pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II, pyrethrins, pyribambenz-isopropyl, pyribambenz-propyl, pyribencarb, pyribenzoxim, pyributicarb, pyriclor, pyridaben, pyridafol, pyridalyl, pyridaphenthion, pyridate, pyridinitril, pyrifenox, pyrifluquinazon, pyriftalid, pyrimethanil, pyrimidifen, pyriminobac, pyriminobac-methyl, pyrimisulfan, pyrimitate, pyrinuron, pyriofenone, pyriprole, pyripropanol, pyriproxyfen, pyrithiobac, pyrithiobac-sodium, pyrolan, pyroquilon, pyroxasulfone, pyroxsulam, pyroxychlor, pyroxyfur, quassia, quinacetol, quinacetol sulfate, quinalphos, quinalphos-methyl, quinazamid, quinclorac, quinconazole, quinmerac, quinoclamine, quinonamid, quinothion, quinoxyfen, quintiofos, quintozene, quizalofop, quizalofop-ethyl, quizalofop-P, quizalofop-P-ethyl, quizalofop-P-tefuryl, quwenzhi, quyingding, rabenzazole, rafoxanide, rebemide, resmethrin, rhodethanil, rhodojaponin-III, ribavirin, rimsulfuron, rotenone, ryania, saflufenacil, saijunmao, saisentong, salicylanilide, sanguinarine, santonin, schradan, scilliroside, sebuthylazine, secbumeton, sedaxane, selamectin, semiamitraz, semiamitraz chloride, sesamex, sesamolin, sethoxydim, shuangjiaancaolin, siduron, siglure, silafluofen, silatrane, silica gel, silthiofam, simazine, simeconazole, simeton, simetryn, sintofen, SMA, S-metolachlor, sodium arsenite, sodium azide, sodium chlorate, sodium fluoride, sodium fluoroacetate, sodium hexafluorosilicate, sodium naphthenate, sodium orthophenylphenoxide, sodium pentachlorophenoxide, sodium polysulfide, sodium thiocyanate, sodium α-naphthaleneacetate, sophamide, spinetoram, spinosad, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spirotetramat, spiroxamine, streptomycin, streptomycin sesquisulfate, strychnine, sulcatol, sulcofuron, sulcofuron-sodium, sulcotrione, sulfallate, sulfentrazone, sulfuram, sulfluramid, sulfometuron, sulfometuron-methyl, sulfosulfuron, sulfotep, sulfoxaflor, sulfoxide, sulfoxime, sulfur, sulfuric acid, sulfuryl fluoride, sulglycapin, sulprofos, sultropen, swep, tau-fluvalinate, tavron, tazimcarb, TCA, TCA-ammonium, TCA-calcium, TCA-ethadyl, TCA-magnesium, TCA-sodium, TDE, tebuconazole, tebufenozide, tebufenpyrad, tebufloquin, tebupirimfos, tebutam, tebuthiuron, tecloftalam, tecnazene, tecoram, teflubenzuron, tefluthrin, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, temephos, tepa, TEPP, tepraloxydim, terallethrin, terbacil, terbucarb, terbuchlor, terbufos, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, tetcyclacis, tetrachloroethane, tetrachlorvinphos, tetraconazole, tetradifon, tetrafluoron, tetramethrin, tetramethylfluthrin, tetramine, tetranactin, tetrasul, thallium sulfate, thenylchlor, theta-cypermethrin, thiabendazole, thiacloprid, thiadifluor, thiamethoxam, thiapronil, thiazafluoron, thiazopyr, thicrofos, thicyofen, thidiazimin, thidiazuron, thiencarbazone, thiencarbazone-methyl, thifensulfuron, thifensulfuron-methyl, thifluzamide, thiobencarb, thiocarboxime, thiochlorfenphim, thiocyclam, thiocyclam hydrochloride, thiocyclam oxalate, thiodiazole-copper, thiodicarb, thiofanox, thiofluoximate, thiohempa, thiomersal, thiometon, thionazin, thiophanate, thiophanate-methyl, thioquinox, thiosemicarbazide, thiosultap, thiosultap-diammonium, thiosultap-disodium, thiosultap-monosodium, thiotepa, thiram, thuringiensin, tiadinil, tiaojiean, tiocarbazil, tioclorim, tioxymid, tirpate, tolclofos-methyl, tolfenpyrad, tolylfluanid, tolylmercury acetate, topramezone, tralkoxydim, tralocythrin, tralomethrin, tralopyril, transfluthrin, transpermethrin, tretamine, triacontanol, triadimefon, triadimenol, triafamone, tri-allate, triamiphos, triapenthenol, triarathene, triarimol, triasulfuron, triazamate, triazbutil, triaziflam, triazophos, triazoxide, tribenuron, tribenuron-methyl, tribufos, tributyltin oxide, tricamba, trichlamide, trichlorfon, trichlormetaphos-3, trichloronat, triclopyr, triclopyr-butotyl, triclopyr-ethyl, triclopyr-triethylammonium, tricyclazole, tridemorph, tridiphane, trietazine, trifenmorph, trifenofos, trifloxystrobin, trifloxysulfuron, trifloxysulfuron-sodium, triflumizole, triflumuron, trifluralin, triflusulfuron, triflusulfuron-methyl, trifop, trifop-methyl, trifopsime, triforine, trihydroxytriazine, trimedlure, trimethacarb, trimeturon, trinexapac, trinexapac-ethyl, triprene, tripropindan, triptolide, tritac, triticonazole, tritosulfuron, trunc-call, uniconazole, uniconazole-P, urbacide, uredepa, valerate, validamycin, valifenalate, valone, vamidothion, vangard, vaniliprole, vernolate, vinclozolin, warfarin, warfarin-potassium, warfarin-sodium, xiaochongliulin, xinjunan, xiwojunan, XMC, xylachlor, xylenols, xylylcarb, yishijing, zarilamid, zeatin, zengxiaoan, zeta-cypermethrin, zinc naphthenate, zinc phosphide, zinc thiazole, zineb, ziram, zolaprofos, zoxamide, zuomihuanglong, α-chlorohydrin, α-ecdysone, α-multistriatin, and α-naphthaleneacetic acid.
 34. A composition according to claim 1 further comprising an agriculturally acceptable carrier.
 35. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule is in the form of a pesticidally acceptable acid addition salt.
 36. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule is in the form of a salt derivative.
 37. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule is in the form a hydrate.
 38. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule is a resolved stereoisomer.
 39. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule is in the form a crystal polymorph.
 40. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule has a ²H in place of ¹H.
 41. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said molecule has a ¹⁴C in place of a ¹²C.
 42. A composition according to claim 1 further comprising a biopesticide.
 43. A composition according to claim 1 further comprising one or more of the following compounds: (a) 3-(4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-hydroxy-8-oxa-1-azaspiro[4,5]dec-3-en-2-one; (b) 3-(4′-chloro-2,4-dimethyl[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-hydroxy-8-oxa-1-azaspiro[4,5]dec-3-en-2-one; (c) 4-[[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]methylamino]-2(5H)-furanone; (d) 4-[[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]cyclopropylamino]-2(5H)-furanone; (e) 3-chloro-N2-[(1S)-1-methyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl]-N1-[2-methyl-4-[1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]phenyl]-1,2-benzenedicarboxamide; (f) 2-cyano-N-ethyl-4-fluoro-3-methoxy-benenesulfonamide; (g) 2-cyano-N-ethyl-3-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide; (h) 2-cyano-3-difluoromethoxy-N-ethyl-4-fluoro-benzenesulfonamide; (i) 2-cyano-3-fluoromethoxy-N-ethyl-benzenesulfonamide; (j) 2-cyano-6-fluoro-3-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-benzenesulfonamide; (k) 2-cyano-N-ethyl-6-fluoro-3-methoxy-N-methyl-benzenesulfonamide; (l) 2-cyano-3-difluoromethoxy-N,N-dimethylbenzenesulfon-amide; (m) 3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[2-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide; (n) N-ethyl-2,2-dimethylpropionamide-2-(2,6-dichloro-α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl) hydrazone; (o) N-ethyl-2,2-dichloro-1-methylcyclopropane-carboxamide-2-(2,6-dichloro-α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl) hydrazone nicotine; (p) O-{(E-)-[2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-cyano-1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)-vinyl]}S-methyl thiocarbonate; (q) (E)-N-1-[2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)]-N2-cyano-N1-methylacetamidine; (r) 1-(6-chloropyridin-3-ylmethyl)-7-methyl-8-nitro-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-5-ol; (s) 4-[4-chlorophenyl-(2-butylidine-hydrazono)methyl)]phenyl mesylate; and (t) N-Ethyl-2,2-dichloro-1-methylcyclopropanecarboxamide-2-(2,6-dichloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-p-tolyl)hydrazone.
 44. A composition according to claim 1 further comprising a compound having one or more of the following modes of action: acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; sodium channel modulator; chitin biosynthesis inhibitor; GABA and glutamate-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABA and glutamate-gated chloride channel agonist; acetylcholine receptor agonist; acetylcholine receptor antagonist; MET I inhibitor; Mg-stimulated ATPase inhibitor; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; Midgut membrane disrupter; oxidative phosphorylation disrupter, and ryanodine receptor (RyRs).
 45. A composition according to claim 1 further comprising a seed.
 46. A composition according to claim 1 further comprising a seed that has been genetically modified to express one or more specialized traits.
 47. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said composition is encapsulated inside, or placed on the surface of, a capsule.
 48. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said composition is encapsulated inside, or placed on the surface of, a capsule, wherein said capsule has a diameter of about 100-900 nanometers or about 10-900 microns.
 49. A process comprising applying a composition according to claim 1, to an area to control a pest, in an amount sufficient to control such pest.
 50. A process according to claim 49 wherein said pest is selected from beetles, earwigs, cockroaches, flies, aphids, scales, whiteflies, leafhoppers, ants, wasps, termites, moths, butterflies, lice, grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, fleas, thrips, bristletails, mites, ticks, nematodes, and symphylans.
 51. A process according to claim 49 wherein said pest is from the Phyla Nematoda or Arthropoda.
 52. A process according to claim 49 wherein said pest is from the Subphyla Chelicerata, Myriapoda, or Hexapoda.
 53. A process according to claim 49 wherein said pest is from the Class of Arachnida, Symphyla, or Insecta.
 54. A process according to claim 49 wherein said pest is from the Order Anoplura, Order Coleoptera, Order Dermaptera, Order Blattaria, Order Diptera, Order Hemiptera, Order Hymenoptera, Order Isoptera, Order Lepidoptera, Order Mallophaga, Order Orthoptera, Order Siphonaptera, Order Thysanoptera, Order Thysanura, Order Acarina, or Order Symphyla.
 55. A process according to claim 49 wherein said pest is MYZUPE or BEMITA.
 56. A process according to claim 49 wherein said amount is from about 0.01 grams per hectare to about 5000 grams per hectare.
 57. A process according to claim 49 wherein said amount is from about 0.1 grams per hectare to about 500 grams per hectare.
 58. A process according to claim 49 wherein said amount is from about 1 gram per hectare to about 50 grams per hectare.
 59. A process according to claim 49 wherein said area is an area where apples, corn, cotton, soybeans, canola, wheat, rice, sorghum, barley, oats, potatoes, oranges, alfalfa, lettuce, strawberries, tomatoes, peppers, crucifers, pears, tobacco, almonds, sugar beets, or beans, are growing, or the seeds thereof are going to be planted.
 60. A process according to claim 49 further comprising applying said composition to a genetically modified plant that has been genetically modified to express one or more specialized traits.
 61. A process according to claim 49 where said composition further comprise ammonium sulfate.
 62. A process comprising: orally administering; or topically applying; a composition according to claim 1, to a non-human animal, to control endoparasites, ectoparasites, or both.
 63. A process comprising applying a composition according to claim 1 to a plant to enhance the plant's health, yield, vigor, quality, or tolerance, at a time when pest activity is low. 